Niketas Choniates

No one was without a share in the grief.

Niketas Choniates (Medieval Greek: Νικήτας Χωνιάτης; c. 1150 or 1155 – 1217), whose actual surname was Akominatos (Ἀκομινάτος), was a Byzantine Greek historian and politician. He accompanied his brother Michael to Constantinople from their birthplace Chonae (whence his nickname, Choniates, i.e. "person from Chonae"). Nicetas wrote a history of the Eastern Roman Empire from 1118 to 1207.

Quotes

• Τί δ᾿ ἂν πρῶτον, τί δ᾿ ἔπειτα, τί δ᾿ ὑστάτιον καταλέξαιμι τῶν τηνικαῦτα τολμωμένων παρὰ τῶν παλαμναίων ἐκείνων ἀνδρῶν; ὤ μοι τῆς ἀτίμου τῶν προσκυνητῶν εἰκόνων κατεδαφίσεως καὶ τῆς τῶν λειψάνων τῶν ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ παθόντων κατὰ τόπων ἐναγῶν ἀκοντίσεως. τὸ δὲ φρικῶδες καὶ ἀκουόμενον, ἦν ὁρᾶν τὸ θεῖον αἷμα καὶ σῶμα Χριστοῦ κατὰ γῆς χεόμενον καὶ ῥιπτόμενον. οἱ δὲ τὰ τιμαλφῆ δοχεῖα τούτων διαρπάζοντες τὰ μὲν διέθραυον καὶ τοὺς ἐγκειμένους κόσμους ἐνεκολπίζοντο, τὰ δὲ εἰς σίτων κανᾶ καὶ οἴνων κεράσματα ταῖς ἑαυτῶν τραπέζαις παρέφερον, οἱ τοῦ Ἀντιχρίστου πρόδρομοι καὶ τῶν προσδοκωμένων πανασεβῶν πράξεων ἐκείνου πρωτουργοὶ καὶ προάγγελοι. ἀτεχνῶς τοίνυν ὑπὸ τοῦδε τοῦ γένους ὡς πάλαι ποτὲ καὶ τότε ἀπημφιάζετο Χριστὸς καὶ ὑβρίζετο, καὶ μερισμοὶ καὶ κλῆροι τῶν αὐτοῦ ἱματίων ἐγίνοντο, καὶ μόνον οὐ λογχευόμενος τὴν πλευρὰν θεορρύτου ῥύακας αἵματος εἰς γῆν καὶ πάλιν ἀπέσταζε.
  Τὰ δ᾿ ἐπὶ Νεὼ τοῦ Μεγίστου ἠσεβημένα οὐδ᾿ ἀκοαῖς εἰσιν εὐπαράδεκτα. ἡ μὲν θυωρὸς τράπεζα, τὸ ἐκ πασῶν τιμίων ὑλῶν σύνθεμα συντετηγμένων πυρὶ καὶ περιχωρησασῶν ἀλλήλαις εἰς ἑνὸς ποικιλοχρόου κάλλους ὑπερβολήν, ἐξαισίου τῷ ὄντι καὶ ἀξιαγάστου παρ᾿ ἔθνεσιν ἅπασι, κατετεμαχίσθη καὶ διεμερίσθη τοῖς σκυλευταῖς, ὥσπερ καὶ πλοῦτος ἅπας ὁ ἱερός, ὁ τοσοῦτος τὸ πλῆθος καὶ τὴν ἀγλαΐαν ἀπέραντος. δεῆσαν δ᾿ ἐκκομισθῆναι καθά τινα σῦλα τὰ παναγῆ σκεύη καὶ ἔπιπλα, τὰ τὴν χάριν καὶ τὴν τέχνην ἄμαχα καὶ τὴν ὕλην σπάνια, ἀλλὰ δὴ καὶ τὸν δοκίμιον ἄργυρον, ὃς τὸν τοῦ βήματος θριγκὸν καὶ τὸν οἷον ἐκπλῆξαι ἄμβωνα καὶ τὰς πύλας περιήμπισχε καὶ εἰς παμπόλλους ἄλλους κόσμους περιετέτηκτο, χρυσῷ περιτρεχόμενος ἅπας, ἡμίονοί τε καὶ ὑποζύγια σεσαγμένα μέχρι τῶν ἀδύτων εἰσήγοντο τοῦ νεώ, ὧν ἔνια διωλισθηκότα μηδ᾿ ἐπὶ ποδῶν στῆναι δυνάμενα διὰ τὴν τῶν ἐπιπέδων λίθων στιλπνότητα μαχαίραις ἐξεκεντήθησαν, ὡς ἐκ τῆς τῶν χολάδων κόπρου καὶ τοῦ προχυθέντος αἵματος τὸ θεῖον μολυνθῆναι δάπεδον.
  Ἀλλὰ καὶ γυναικάριον σεσωρευμένον ἁμαρτίαις, Ἐριννύων ζάκορον, δαιμόνων πρόσπολον, ἀρρήτων τε γοητειῶν καὶ ἐπιρρήτων ἐπῳδῶν ἐργαστήριον, καταστρηνιᾶσαν Χριστοῦ, ἐπὶ τοῦ συνθρόνου καθῖσαν κεκλασμένον ἀφῆκε μέλος καὶ πολλάκις περιδινηθὲν εἰς ὄρχησιν τὼ πόδε παρενεσάλευσε. Καὶ οὐ ταῦτα μὲν ἠνομεῖτο οὕτως, ἄλλα δ᾿ οὔ, ἢ ἐκεῖνα μὲν ἐπὶ πλέον, εἰς δ᾿ ἔλαττον ἕτερα, ἀλλ᾿ ὁμοθυμαδὸν πάντα παρὰ πάντων ἀνωσιουργεῖτο τὰ παναθέμιτα. πάνυ δ᾿ ἂν ἐφείσαντο γυναικῶν εὐλαβῶν καὶ κορίων ἐπιγάμων ἢ τῶν θεῷ ἀνακειμένων καὶ παρθενεύειν ἑλομένων οἱ κατὰ τῶν θείων οὕτω λυττήσαντες; ἐπὶ πᾶσιν ἐργῶδες ἦν καὶ δυσμήχανον τὸ μειλίξασθαι λιταῖς ἢ ὁπωσοῦν εὔνουν θέσθαι τὸ βάρβαρον, οὕτω μὲν εὐπαρόξυντον ὄν, οὕτω δ᾿ ἐρευξίχολον ἀκριβῶς καὶ πρὸς πᾶσαν ἀκοὴν ἀθέλητον. πάντα δ᾿ ἐκρίνετο θυμοῦ ὑπεκκαύματα καὶ ἄνοιαν ὠφλίσκανε καὶ γέλων. καὶ ὡς τὴν γλῶτταν ἀταμίευτος ἐπεπλήττετο, ἐν πολλοῖς δὲ καὶ τὸ παραξιφίδιον εἶχεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν σπώμενον ὁ καὶ μικρὸν ἀντειπὼν ἢ πρὸς τὰ θυμήρη σφίσιν ἀναδυόμενος. Ὅθεν ἦν εἰς πόνον ἅπασα κεφαλή, ἐν στενωποῖς θρῆνοι καὶ οὐαὶ καὶ κλαυθμοί, ἐν τριόδοις ὀδυρμοί, ἐν ναοῖς ὀλοφυρμοί, ἀνδρῶν οἰμωγαί, γυναικῶν ὀλολυγαί, ἑλκυσμοί, ἀνδραποδισμοί, διασπασμοὶ καὶ βιασμοὶ σωμάτων συναφῶν πρότερον. οἱ τῷ γένει σεμνοὶ γυμνοὶ περιῄεσαν, οἱ τῷ γήρᾳ γεραροὶ γοεροί, οἱ πλούσιοι ἀνούσιοι. οὕτως ἐν πλατείαις, οὕτως ἐν γωνίαις, οὕτως ἐν τεμένεσιν, οὕτως ἐν καταδύσεσιν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν τις τόπος ἀνεξερεύνητος ἢ ἀσυλίαν τοῖς προσρυομένοις διδούς.
  Χριστὲ βασιλεῦ τῆς τότε θλίψεως καὶ συνοχῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων.

  

  The sacred altar...was broken into bits and distributed among the soldiers, as was all the other sacred wealth of so great and infinite splendor.

  

  Oh, immortal God, how great the afflictions of the men, how great the distress!

  • How shall I begin to tell of the deeds wrought by these nefarious men! Alas, the images, which ought to have been adored, were trodden under foot! Alas, the relics of the holy martyrs were thrown into unclean places! Then was seen what one shudders to hear, namely, the divine body and blood of Christ was spilled upon the ground or thrown about. They snatched the precious reliquaries, thrust into their bosoms the ornaments which these contained, and used the broken remnants for pans and drinking cups,—precursors of Anti-christ, authors and heralds of his nefarious deeds which we momentarily expect. Manifestly, indeed, by that race then, just as formerly, Christ was robbed and insulted and His garments were divided by lot; only one thing was lacking, that His side, pierced by a spear, should pour rivers of divine blood on the ground.
    Nor can the violation of the Great Church [Hagia Sophia] be listened to with equanimity. For the sacred altar, formed of all kinds of precious materials and admired by the whole world, was broken into bits and distributed among the soldiers, as was all the other sacred wealth of so great and infinite splendor.
    When the sacred vases and utensils of unsurpassable art and grace and rare material, and the fine silver, wrought with go , which encircled the screen of the tribunal and the ambo, of admirable workmanship and the door and many other ornaments, were to be borne away booty, mules and saddled horses were led to the very sanctuary of t temple. Some of these which were unable to keep their footing the splendid and slippery pavement, were stabbed when they fell, that the sacred pavement was polluted with blood and filth.
    Nay more, a certain harlot, a sharer in their guilt, a minister the furies, a servant of the demons, a worker of incantations and poisonings, insulting Christ, sat in the patriarch's seat, singing an obscene song and dancing frequently. Nor, indeed, were these crimes committed and others left undone, on the ground that these were of lesser guilt, the others of greater. But with one consent all the most heinous sins and crimes were committed by all with equal zeal. Could those, who showed so great madness against God Himself have spared the honorable matrons and maidens or the virgins consecrated to God?
    Nothing was more difficult and laborious than to soften by prayers, to render benevolent, these wrathful barbarians, vomiting forth bile at every unpleasing word, so that nothing failed to inflame their fury. Whoever attempted it was derided as insane and a man of intemperate language. Often they drew their daggers against any one who opposed them at all or hindered their demands.
    No one was without a share in the grief. In the alleys, in the streets, in the temples, complaints, weeping, lamentations, grief, groaning of men, the shrieks of women, wounds, rape, captivity, separation of those most closely united. Nobles wandered about ignominiously, those of venerable age in tears, the rich in poverty. Thus it was in the streets, on the corners, in the temple, in the dens, for no place remained unassailed or defended the suppliants. All places everywhere were filled full of all kinds of crime. Oh, immortal God, how great the afflictions of the men, how great the distress!
  • Alexii Ducae Imperium, chs. iii-iv, in Recueil des historiens des Croisades, hist. grec., vol. 1 (Paris, 1875), p. 397. Greek. Eye-witness account of the Sack of Constantinople (April 1204). Translated by Dana C. Munro, "The Fourth Crusade", Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, vol. 3, no. 1 (U of Pennsylvania P, 1896), p. 16

• O City, City, eye of all cities, universal boast, supramundane wonder, nurse of churches, leader of the faith, guide of Orthodoxy, beloved topic of orations, the abode of every good thing! Oh City, that hast drunk at the hand of the Lord the cup of his fury! O City, consumed by fire.
  • Translated by Harry J. Magoulias, City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (Wayne State U P, 1984), p. 317