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[[File:Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China 1988 (1).jpg|thumb|Tiananmen Square in 1988]]

The '''[[w:1989 Tiananmen Square protests|1989 Tiananmen Square protests]]''', commonly known in [[w:Mainland_China|mainland China]] as the '''June Fourth Incident''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh|六四事件}}, ''liùsì shìjiàn''), were student-led [[demonstrations]] in [[Beijing]] (the capital of the [[China|People's Republic of China]]) for the establishment of basic [[Human rights|human]] and [[Freedom of speech|press rights]] and against the [[Communism|Communist]]-led [[w:Government_of_China|Chinese government]] in mid-1989. More broadly, it refers to the popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests during that period, sometimes called the''' '89 Democracy Movement''' (Chinese: {{lang|zh|八九民运}}, ''bājiǔ mínyùn''). The protests were forcibly suppressed after Chinese Premier [[Li Peng]] declared martial law. In what became known as the '''Tiananmen Square Massacre''', troops with assault rifles and tanks fired at the demonstrators trying to block [[w:People's_Liberation_Army|the military]]'s advance towards [[Tiananmen Square]]. The number of civilian deaths was internally estimated by the Chinese government to be near or above 10,000.

== Quotes ==
{{NPOV}}
*Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak, it is the 7th day since you went on hunger strike, you can't continue like this. [...] You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live healthy, and see the day when China accomplishes the [[w:Four_modernizations|four modernizations]]. You are not like us, we are already old, it doesn't matter to us any more.
**[[Zhao Ziyang]] at Tiananmen Square, 19 May 1989
*The illegal organization "Beijing Students Autonomous Federation" instigated and organized the counter-revolutionary rebellion in Beijing. It is now decided to pursue 21 of its head and key members, including [[w:Wang_Dan|Wang Dan]]. After receiving this order, please immediately arrange investigation work. If found, immediate arrest the targets and inform the Beijing Public Security Bureau.
**The Beijing Public Security Bureau issued the 21 Most Wanted list with the following description.{{sfn|People's Daily|1989|p=2}}

* Developments in [[Afghanistan]], [[wikipedia:Angola|Angola]] and [[Central America]] in 1988–9 were each regionally highly significant. In combination, these developments contributed greatly to a reduction in [[International relations|international tension]]. At the same time, they had far less of an impact on global attention than developments in the heartlands of the [[Communism|Communist]] bloc. These developments revealed two different tendencies. The brutal suppression in 1989 of pressure in China for political liberalisation, notably with the massacre of student protesters in Tiananmen Square in [[Beijing]] in April (but not only there), was central to the maintenance of a [[Communism|Communist]] bloc in [[East Asia]]. The decision to act followed tension within the leadership, with [[Zhao Ziyang]], the General Secretary of the Party, being sympathetic to the protesters, whereas the Premier, [[Li Peng]], wanted to use force against them. Ultimately, [[Deng Xiaoping]] backed Li. The ''People’s Daily'' referred to the pro-democracy movement as an ‘anti-Party and anti-Socialist upheaval’. It was seen as a challenge to the position and legitimacy of the Party leadership.
** [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]], ''The Cold War: A Military History'' (2015)

*I remember 1989 vividly, having spent much of that summer in [[Berlin]] before the [[Berlin Wall|Wall]] fell. And while [[w:Revolutions_of_1989|largely peaceful revolutions]] swept through [[East/Central Europe|Central and Eastern Europe]] that year (it was only three years later, in [[Yugoslavia]], that the death of [[Communism]] sparked [[Yugoslav Wars|war]]), there was no such turning point in China, where 1989 also saw the Tiananmen Square massacre. With the benefit of hindsight, the survival of Communism in China was a more significant historical phenomenon than its collapse east of the [[w:River_Elbe|River Elbe]].
** [[Niall Ferguson]], "We have seen very few years in history that have been truly pivotal. This could be one.", ''The Mail on Sunday'', March 20, 2022.
*"Everyone was so sick of singing the praises of [[Leonid Brezhnev|Brezhnev]] that it now became a must to chide the leader," [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] recalled. "Being disciplined people, my [[w:Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union|Politburo]] colleagues did not show that they were unhappy. Nevertheless, I sensed their bad mood. How could it be otherwise when it was already clear to everybody that the days of Party dictatorship were over?" However true that might be in [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], and the [[Soviet Union]], it was not the case in China. There [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] had brought pressures for political change, a course he was not prepared to take. When former general secretary [[Hu Yaobang]], whom Deng had deposed for having advocated openness, suddenly died in mid-April, student protesters began a series of demonstrations that filled [[w:Tiananmen_Square|Tiananmen Square]], in central [[Beijing]]. Gorbachev, on his first trip to China, arrived in the midst of these. "Our hosts," he observed, "were extremely concerned about the situation," and with good reason, for the dissidents cheered the Kremlin leader. "In the Soviet Union they have Gorbachev," one banner read. "In China, we have whom?" Shortly after his departure, the students unveiled a plaster "Goddess of Democracy," modeled on the Statue of Liberty, directly across from [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s portrait over the entrance to the [[w:Forbidden_City|Forbidden City]] and just in front of his mausoleum. Whatever Mao might have thought of this, it was too much for Deng, and on the night of June 3-4, 1989, he ordered a brutal crackdown. How many people died as the army took back the square and the streets surrounding it is still not clear, but the toll was several times greater than that for the entire year of [[w:Revolutions_of_1989|revolutionary upheavals]] in [[Europe]]. Nor is there a consensus, even now, as to how the [[Chinese Communist Party]] retained power when its European counterparts were losing power: perhaps it was the willingness to use force; perhaps the fear of chaos if the party was overthrown; perhaps the fact that Deng's version of [[capitalism]] in the guise of communism had genuinely improved the lives of the [[Chinese people]], however stunted their opportunities for political expression might be. What was clear was that Gorbachev's example had shaken Deng's authority. Whether Deng's example would now shake Gorbachev's authority remained to be seen.
**[[John Lewis Gaddis]], ''The Cold War: A New History'' (2006), pp. 242-243

== See also ==
*[[Tank Man]]
*[[Fang Lizhi]]

== External links ==
{{wikipedia}}

[[Category:Politics of China]]
[[Category:Protests in Asia]]
[[Category:1989|Tiananmen Square protests]]
[[Category:1980s in Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century protests]]
[[Category:Beijing]]