View source for Porphyry (philosopher)

[[File:Schussenried Kloster Bibliothekssaal Gewölbefresko Baum des Porphyrius.jpg|thumb| The utility of [[Logic|a science]] which enables men to take [[cognizance]] of the travellers on the [[mind]]'s highway, and excludes those disorderly interlopers, verbal [[fallacies]], needs but small attestation.]] 
'''[[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Tyre]]''' (Πορφύριος, c. [[234]] – c. [[305]]) was a [[Plato|Neoplatonic]] philosopher.

== Quotes ==

* '''The utility of [[Logic|a science]] which enables men to take [[cognizance]] of the travellers on the [[mind]]'s highway, and excludes those disorderly interlopers, verbal [[fallacies]], needs but small attestation.''' Its searching penetration by [[definition]] alone, before which even [[mathematical]] precision fails, would especially commend it to those whom the abstruseness of the [[study]] does not terrify, and who recognise the valuable results which must attend [[discipline]] of mind. Like a [[medicine]], though not a panacea for every ill, it has the [[health]] of the mind for its aim, but requires the determination of a powerful will to imbibe its nauseating yet wholesome influence: it is no wonder therefore that puny intellects, like weak stomachs, abhor and reject it.
** Introduction to [[Aristotle|Aristotle's]] ''[[w:Organon (Aristotle)|Organon]]'', as translated by Octavius Freire Owen (1853), p. v

=== ''Auxiliaries to the Perception of Intelligible Natures'' ===
[[File:Arbor porphyrii according Petrus Hispanus tractatus 2.png|thumb|Incorporeal [[w:Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostases]], in descending, are distributed into parts, and multiplied about individuals with a diminution of [[power]]; but when they ascend by their [[energies]] beyond bodies, they become united, and proceed into a simultaneous subsistence, through exuberance of power.]]
:<small>[http://tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_sententiae_02_trans.htm ''Auxiliaries to the Perception of Intelligible Natures'', in ''Select Works of Porphyry'' (1823)] as translated by [[w:Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)|Thomas Taylor]]</small> 

* '''Every [[body]] is in [[place]]; but [[nothing]] [[essentially]] incorporeal, or any thing of this kind, has any locality.'''
** 1

* '''Things essentially incorporeal, because they are more excellent than all body and place, are every where, not with interval, but impartibly.''' <br /> Things essentially incorporeal are not locally present with bodies but are present with them when they please; by verging towards them so far as they are naturally adapted so to verge. They are not, however, present with them locally, but through habitude, proximity, and alliance. <br /> Things essentially incorporeal, are not present with bodies, by hypostasis and essence; for they are not mingled with bodies. But they impart a certain power which is proximate to bodies, through verging towards them. For tendency constitutes a certain secondary power proximate to bodies.
** 2 - 4

* '''[[Soul]], indeed, is a certain medium between an impartible essence, and an essence which is divisible about bodies.''' But [[intellect]] is an impartible essence alone. And qualities and material forms are divisible about bodies. <br /> Not everything which acts on another, effects that which it does effect by approximation and contact; but those natures which effect any thing by approximation and contact, use approximation accidentally.
** 5 - 6

* '''The soul is bound to the body by a conversion to the corporeal passions; and again liberated by becoming impassive to the body. <br /> That which nature binds, nature also dissolves: and that which the soul binds, the soul likewise dissolves.''' Nature, indeed, bound the body to the soul; but the soul binds herself to the body. Nature, therefore, liberates the body from the soul; but the soul liberates herself from the body. <br /> Hence there is a twofold death; the one, indeed, universally known, in which the body is liberated from the soul; but the other peculiar to philosophers, in which the soul is liberated from the body. Nor does the one entirely follow the other. <br /> We do not understand similarly in all things, but in a manner adapted to the essence of each. For intellectual objects we understand intellectually; but those that pertain to soul rationally. We apprehend plants spermatically; but bodies idolically (i.e., as images); and that which is above all these, super-intellectually and super-essentially.
** 7 - 10

* '''Incorporeal [[w:Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostases]], in descending, are distributed into parts, and multiplied about individuals with a diminution of [[power]]; but when they ascend by their [[energies]] beyond bodies, they become united, and proceed into a simultaneous subsistence, through exuberance of power.'''
** 11

=== ''On Abstinence from Killing Animals'' ===
:<small>[https://books.google.it/books?id=B5ojAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA0 ''On Abstinence from Killing Animals'', <nowiki>[2000]</nowiki> 2014], as translated by Gillian Clark</small>

* The [[Vegetarianism|fleshless diet]] contributes to health and to a suitable endurance of hard work in philosophy.
** 1, 2, 1

* I think that when friendship and perception of kinship ruled everything, no one killed any creature, because people thought the other [[animals]] were related to them.
** 2, 22, 1

* Every [[Goodness|good]] thing is gentle and consistent, progressing in good order and not going beyond what is right.
** 2, 39, 4

* Not only can ''[[logos]]'' be seen in absolutely all animals, but in many of them it has the groundwork for being perfected.
** 3, 2, 4

* Animals are [[Reason|rational]]; in most of them ''[[logos]]'' is imperfect, but it is certainly not wholly lacking. So if, as our opponents say, [[justice]] applies to rational beings, why should not justice, for us, also apply to animals?
** 3, 18, 1

* The [[w:Pythagoreanism|Pythagoreans]] made kindness to beasts a training in humanity and pity. 
** 3, 20, 7

* So people should abstain from other animals just as they should from the human.
** 4, 9, 6

== Quotes about Porphyry ==

* '''Porphyry wrote in just about every branch of learning practiced at the time but only a portion of his large output is extant.''' Porphyry was an influential thinker. He applied Neoplatonism to pagan religion and other spheres and is as such a key figure the promulgation of Neoplatonic thought. … His name was ‘Malcus’, ‘king’ in his native tongue, hence he became ‘Basileus’ (‘king’) in Greek. He, however, calls himself Porphyry, which supposedly was a common name in Tyre, the city of purple, and is commonly known under that name. … In reality we do not know anything with certainty about where he lived in the latter half of his life. '''He may have been [[Iamblichus]]' teacher. The [[evidence]] for this, however, is not beyond dispute.''' It is clear, though, that Iamblichus was strongly influenced by Porphyry, even if he turned vehemently against him.
** Eyjólfur Emilsson, in [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/porphyry/ "Porphyry" at ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2005)]

* '''As a young man Porphyry tried to gain as broad a knowledge as he possibly could by studying many languages and religions.''' At that time Athens was the main centre for learning, so it was natural that someone with a thirst for knowledge as Porphyry had should travel there to continue his studies. In Athens Porphyry became a student of [[Longinus]] who: —<br /> ''... was a 'living library and walking museum' and the academic's critical attention to detail, clarity of style and erudition left their permanent mark on the keen student.'' <br /> '''It was Longinus who gave Porphyry that nickname.''' In fact it was a clever pun since 'Porphyry' means 'purple' in Greek and he was given this name since he came from Tyre which was famous for the production of the royal purple dye and his name 'Malchus' meant 'king' = 'royal' = 'purple'.
** J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, in [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Porphyry.html "Porphyry Malchus" at ''University of St Andrews'']

* In the writings of such "pagan" philosophers as [[Plutarch]] and Porphyry we find a humanitarian ethic of the most exalted kind, which, after undergoing a long repression during medieval churchdom, reappeared, albeit but weakly and fitfully at first, in the literature of the Renaissance, to be traced more definitely in the eighteenth century school of "sensibility."
** [[Henry Stephens Salt|Henry S. Salt]], ''[http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/salt03.htm The Humanities of Diet]''

* One of the most erudite as well as one of the most spiritual, of the ''literati'' of any age or people, and certainly the most estimable of all the extant Greek philosophers after the days of Plutarch.
** [[w:Howard Williams (humanitarian)|Howard Williams]], ''[http://www.ivu.org/history/williams/porphyry.html The Ethics of Diet]''

== External links ==
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* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/porphyry/ Porphyry at ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2005)]
* [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Porphyry.html Porphyry Malchus (mathematician)] - entry in MacTutor History of Maths Archives
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_01_book1.htm Porphyry, ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', Book I], translated by [[w:Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)|Thomas Taylor]]
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_02_book2.htm Porphyry, ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', Book II], translated by Thomas Taylor
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_03_book3.htm Porphyry, ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', Book III], translated by Thomas Taylor
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_04_book4.htm Porphyry, ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', Book IV], translated by Thomas Taylor
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_cave_of_nymphs_02_translation.htm Porphyry, ''On the Cave of Nymphs''], translated by Thomas Taylor
* [http://tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_sententiae_02_trans.htm Porphyry, ''Auxiliaries to the Perception of Intelligible Natures''], translated by Thomas Taylor
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_isagogue_02_translation.htm Porphyry, ''Isagoge''], translated by [[s:Author:Octavius Freire Owen|Octavius Freire Owen]]
* [http://www.prometheustrust.co.uk/html/20_-_organon.html ''The Isagoge, or Introduction of Porphyry''], translated by Thomas Taylor with an extensive preface by the translator
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/plotenn/enn001.htm Porphyry, ''On the Life of Plotinus'']
* [http://www.attalus.org/translate/daniel.html Porphyry, ''Comments on the Book of Daniel'']
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/morefathers.html#porphyry Additional texts, edited by Roger Pearse]
* [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Συγγραφέας:Πορφύριος Greek texts at Greek Wikisource: '''Πορφύριος''']
* [http://www.astrologicon.org/porphyry/porphyry-peri-tou-en-odysseia-ton-nymphon-antrou.html Περὶ τοῦ ἐν Ὀδυσσείᾳ τῶν Νυμφῶν Ἄντρου (''The Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey''), original Greek text]
* [http://www.astrologicon.org/porphyry/porphyry-introduction-to-apotelesmatics-of-ptolemy.html Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὴν Ἀποτελεσματικὴν τοῦ Πτολεμαίου (''Introduction to Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos''), original Greek text]

[[Category:Philosophers from Rome]]
[[Category:Vegetarians]]