Cannibalism
Appearance
(Redirected from Human cannibalism)
Cannibalism is the act of consuming another individual of the same species as food. Cannibalism is a common ecological interaction in the animal kingdom and has been recorded in more than 1,500 species. Human cannibalism is also well documented across history, both in ancient and in recent times.
Quotes
[edit]Early history
[edit]- Pharaoh is he who eats men and lives on gods ... Their big ones are for his morning meal,
their middle-sized ones are for his evening meal,
their little ones are for his night meal,
their old men and their old women are for his incense-burning.- The "Cannibal Hymn" found in the grave of Pharaoh Unas (c. 2315 BCE)
- Cited in Wim van den Dungen, "The Cannibal Hymn to Pharaoh Unis" (sofiatopia.org, 2015)
First millennium
[edit]- He then cut up the body into pieces, amputated the prominent parts from the shoulder, and the fleshy portions from the arms, from the ligamentous attachments, which connected them with the body, with unshaken nerves! He strips off the flesh from the various limbs, and chops up the different bones,—he keeps back the heads, however, and those very hands, which had once signalized their confidence in him!
- Seneca the Younger, Thyestes, 318, 760; translated by J. W. Bradshaw, The Ten Tragedies of Seneca (1902), p. 129
- The father, Thyestes, carves up his own sons, served up on the platter and chews with a relish, in his unfortunate mouth, his own offspring. His appearance is smart, with his locks extravagantly anointed with perfumed grease, but he feels rather oppressed with the wine, with which he has washed down his own flesh and blood! Frequently during the meal, his throat seems to rebel and refuse a passage to the wicked viands, but there was one redeeming feature, one favorable point, connected with all this wickedness, oh! Thyestes! and it was this, thy ignorance of what was being done!
- Seneca the Younger, Thyestes, 319, 775; translated by J. W. Bradshaw, The Ten Tragedies of Seneca (1902), pp. 129–130
- Why should I speak of other nations when I myself, a youth on a visit to Gaul, heard that the Atticoti, a British tribe, eat human flesh, and that although they find herds of swine, and droves of large or small cattle in the woods, it is their custom to cut off the buttocks of the shepherds and the breasts of their women, and to regard them as the greatest delicacies?
- Jerome, Against Jovinianus (393 CE), book 2, ch. 7
- Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry, eds (1893). St. Jerome: Letters and Select Works. New York: The Christian Literature Company. p. 394.
- Cannibalism was another last resort for surviving famines. In the winter of 618–619 the army of a warlord, some 200,000 troops in all, surrounded a district south of Luoyang and exhausted all the stores of millet there ... Famine broke out, so the natives began to devour each other. The rebel soldiers were also starving, so they took to abducting children, whom they steamed and ate. That led the warlord to conclude, "Of all the delicious things to eat, none surpasses human flesh. As long as there are people in neighboring districts we have nothing to fear from famine." He had a large bronze bell with a capacity of 200 bushels [7 cubic metres] inverted, stewed the flesh of children and women in it, divided the meat, and gave it to his officers.
- Benn, Charles (2004). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-19-517665-0.
Middle Ages
[edit]- Such suffering from hunger grew up around these cities that the Christians, in the face of the scarcity about which you have heard, did not fear to eat – wicked to say, much less to do – the bodies, cooked in fire, not only of the Saracens or Turks they had killed, but also of the dogs that they had caught.
- Chronicler Albert of Aachen about cannibalism during the First Crusade at the Siege of Ma'arra (1098)
- Cited in Rubenstein, Jay (2008), "Cannibals and Crusaders", French Historical Studies, 31 (4), p. 535
- They went further, and reached the stage of eating little children. It was not unusual to find people [selling] little children, roasted or boiled.
- When the poor first began to eat human flesh, the horror and astonishment that such extraordinary meals aroused were such that these crimes formed the topic of every conversation ... But eventually people grew accustomed, and some conceived such a taste for these detestable meats that they made them their ordinary provender, eating them for enjoyment and ... [thinking] up a variety of preparation methods ... The horror people had felt at first vanished entirely; one spoke of it, and heard it spoken of, as a matter of everyday indifference.
- Nothing was more common than this kind of thing, and it would be difficult to find in the length and breadth of Egypt ... anyone who has not been eye-witness to such atrocities.
- A merchant friend of mine ... had seen five children's heads in a single cauldron, cooked with the choicest spices.
- The Arab physician Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi describing cannibalism during a severe famine in 13th-century Egypt
- Cited in Tannahill, Reay (1975). Flesh and Blood: A History of the Cannibal Complex. New York: Stein and Day. pp. 49, 55. ISBN 978-0-8128-1756-0.
- You should know that they eat all manner of foul things and any kind of meat, including human flesh, which they devour with great relish. They will not touch someone who has died of natural causes, but if he has been stabbed to death or otherwise killed they eat him all up and consider it a great delicacy.
- Marco Polo (c. 1254–1324) about the inhabitants of Fuzhou and its surroundings, in south-eastern China
- The Travels of Marco Polo. London: Penguin. 2015. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-141-19878-1.
- They eat man's flesh there just as we eat beef here. Yet the country in itself is excellent, and hath great store of flesh-meats, and of wheat and of rice ... And merchants come to this island from far, bringing children with them to sell like cattle to those infidels, who buy them and slaughter them in the shambles and eat them.
- Odoric of Pordenone (c. 1280–1331) about Lamuri, a kingdom in northern Sumatra
- Cited in Yule, Henry, ed (1866). Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. p. 85.
- I presented to the king of this place ... a quantity of salt which he accepted and he sent to me two most comely slave girls. A few days later I was in his presence and he said to me: "I sent those girls to you, so slaughter and eat them! Their flesh is the best thing we have to eat. For what reason have you not slaughtered them?" I replied: "This is not lawful for us."
- Report by a 14th-century Syrian visitor to today's Mali
- Cited in Levtzion, N.; Hopkins, J. F. P., eds (1981). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 273.
16th and 17th centuries
[edit]- The inhabitants of Hispaniola, who are a mild people, complained that they were exposed to frequent attacks from the cannibals who landed amongst them and pursued them through the forests like hunters chasing wild beasts. The cannibals captured children, whom they castrated, just as we do chickens and pigs we wish to fatten for the table, and when they were grown and become fat they ate them. Older persons, who fell into their power, were killed and cut into pieces for food; they also ate the intestines and the extremities, which they salted, just as we do hams. They did not eat women, as this would be considered a crime and an infamy. If they captured any women, they kept them and cared for them, in order that they might produce children; just as we do with hens, sheep, mares, and other animals. Old women, when captured, were made slaves.
- Birds were boiling in their pots, also geese mixed with bits of human flesh, while other parts of human bodies were fixed on spits, ready for roasting. Upon searching another house the Spaniards found arm and leg bones, which the cannibals carefully preserve for pointing their arrows; for they have no iron. All other bones, after the flesh is eaten, they throw aside.
- Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, De Orbe Novo, The First Decade, books 1 and 2 (1530, translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt, 1912), on cannibalism ascribed to the Kalinago or Caribs
- Most ferocious are those new anthropophagi, who live on human flesh, Caribs or cannibals as they are called.
- Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, De Orbe Novo, The Third Decade, book 3
- Why, there they are, both bakèd in that pie,
Whereof their mother daintily hath fed,
Eating the flesh that she herself hath bred.- William Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus (c. 1584–1590), act 5, sc. 3
- I think there is more barbarism in eating men alive, then to feed upon them being dead; to mangle by tortures and torments a body full of lively sense, to roast him in pieces, and to make dogs and swine to gnaw and tear him ... (as we have not only read, but seen very lately ..., not amongst ancient enemies, but our neighbours and fellow-citizens; and which is worse, under pretence of piety and religion) then to roast and tear him after he is dead.
- Michel de Montaigne, Essays (c. 1595), translated by John Florio (1603), book 1, ch. 30: Of the Caniballes
- The Cannibals and savage people do not so much offend me with roasting and eating of dead bodies, as those which torment and persecute the living.
- Michel de Montaigne, Essays, translated by John Florio, book 2, ch. 11: Of Crueltie
- And of the cannibals that each other eat,
The anthropophagi, ...- William Shakespeare, Othello (c. 1603), act 1, sc. 3
- ... The barbarous Scythian,
Or he that makes his generation messes
To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom
Be as well neighbour'd, pitied, and reliev'd,
As thou my sometime daughter.- William Shakespeare, King Lear (1608), act 1, sc. 1
- If that the heavens do not their visible spirits
Send quickly down to tame these vile offenses,
It will come:
Humanity must perforce prey on itself,
Like monsters of the deep.- William Shakespeare, King Lear, act 4, sc. 2
- Nay, so great was our famine, that a Salvage we slew and buried, the poorer sort tooke him up againe and eat him, and so did divers one another boyled and stewed with roots and herbes; and one amongst the rest did kill his wife, and powdered her, and had eaten part of her before it was knowne, for which hee was executed, as hee well deserved: now, whether she was better roasted, boyled, or carbonado'd, I know not, but of such a dish as powdered wife I never heard of.
- John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, Book IV
- A brief account of the Starving Time (1609–1610), from the record of an eyewitness and sufferer
- Also cited in Jeremy Belknap, American Biography, vol. II (1855), p. 122
- As to the children, either boys or girls, they will live according to their fancy. If they are pleasant of countenance, they may expect a hard domestic service, yet they stay alive, but if they captured many children, a few are killed to be cooked for eating.
- Dutch traveller Adriaan van Berkel on the treatment of war captives among the Arawak in today's Guyana (1695)
- Adriaan van Berkel, The Voyages of Adriaan van Berkel to Guiana: Amerindian-Dutch Relationships in 17th-Century Guyana, edited by Martijn van den Bel, Lodewijk Hulsman, and Lodewijk Wagenaar (Leiden: Sidestone, 2014), p. 106
- (after seeing how a prisoner was killed and dismembered) The cut-off flesh, once boiled, is put into the pepperpot and eaten as good food. I have spoken to two Christians who had tried it and declared it tasted very nice.
- Adriaan van Berkel, The Voyages of Adriaan van Berkel to Guiana, p. 107
18th century
[edit]- I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.
- A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends; and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter.
- As to our city of Dublin, shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient parts of it, and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting; although I rather recommend buying the children alive, and dressing them hot from the knife, as we do roasting pigs.
- Pigs, too frequent at our table ... are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well grown, fat, yearling child, which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayor's feast, or any other publick entertainment.
- Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal (1729)
- When Great Britain was first visited by the Phoenicians, the inhabitants were painted savages, much less civilized than those of Tongataboo, or Ota-heite; and it is not impossible, but that our late voyages may, in process of time, spread the blessings of civilization amongst the numerous islanders of the South Pacific Ocean, and be the means of abolishing their abominable repasts, and almost equally abominable sacrifices.
- James Cook and James King, Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1784)
- Reported in Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (London: Routledge, 2003), p. xv
- Experience declares that man is the only animal which devours his own kind; for I can apply no milder term to the governments of Europe, and to the general prey of the rich on the poor.
- Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Madison (Paris, 20 June 1787)
- J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, ed., The Best Letters of Thomas Jefferson (1926), p. 27
- A collective insanity seemed to have seized the nation and turned them into something worse than beasts. The princess de Lamballe, Marie Antoinette's intimate friend, was literally torn to pieces; her head, breasts, and pudenda were paraded on pikes before the windows of the Temple, where the royal family was imprisoned, while a man boasted drunkenly at a cafe that he had eaten the princess' heart, which he probably had.
- Historian J. Christopher Herold about the September Massacres that occurred in Paris in 1792 during the French Revolution
- The Age of Napoleon (1963), ch. 1
- Je ne me nourris que de chair humaine; j'espère que vous serez contens du régal que je compte vous en faire, et l'on a tué pour notre souper un jeune garçon de quinze ans, que je foutis hier, et qui doit être délicieux.
- Comme je mange ce que je fouts, cela m'évite la peine d'avoir un boucher.
- I eat no other sort of meat [except human]; I trust you shall enjoy tonight's feast, there will be a fifteen-year-old boy on the table. I fucked him yesterday, he should be delicious.
- As I eat what I fuck, that spares me the wages of a butcher.
- Minski, a Muscovite with a giant stature and deadly tastes in Sade's novel Juliette (1797)
- Translated by Austryn Wainhouse (New York: Grove Press, 1968), part 3
- And when we have had enough of our little darling, we roast him alive on the spit and eat him with relish. "Oh, how mistaken they are", the Hungarian observed, "to disdain this meat, there's nothing more delicate nor better flavored in all the world, as the wise savages understand who have such a predilection for it." "That", said Voldomir, "is simply another of your European absurdities: after having erected murder into a crime you cut off your nose to spite your face and banished these dainties from your table; and the same overweening pride brought you to suppose that there was no wrong in butchering a pig for food, while there was nothing worse than performing the same operation upon a human being ..."
- Brisatesta, another of Sade's protagonists, describing the rape and consumption of a teenage boy
- Juliette, translated by Austryn Wainhouse, part 5
19th century
[edit]- In our country it would not be necessary to wash that child; he might be roasted at once.
- A Batak man upon seeing a young boy being washed (c. 1830)
- Cited in Yule, Henry, ed (1866). Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. p. 86.
- He made no resistance whatever, and was stabbed in the back by Peters, when he fell instantly dead. I must not dwell upon the fearful repast which immediately ensued. Such things may be imagined, but words have no power to impress the mind with the exquisite horror of their reality. Let it suffice to say that, having in some measure appeased the raging thirst which consumed us by the blood of the victim, and having by common consent taken off the hands, feet, and head, throwing them together with the entrails, into the sea, we devoured the rest of the body, piecemeal, during the four ever memorable days of the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth of the month.
- Edgar Allan Poe, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838), ch. 12, on the sacrifice of a shipwrecked sailor after lot drawing to help the others survive according to the custom of the sea
- Fiji, cannibal Fiji! Pity, O pity, cannibal Fiji!
- Reverend James Watkin, "Pity Poor Fiji" (1838)
- Reported in Thomas Williams and James Calvert, Fiji and the Fijians, rev. ed. (Boston: Congregational Publishing Society, 1871), p. 246
- Early on Sunday morning the cooked human flesh was carried past the Mission house in a canoe.... Truly the dark places of the earth are full of the habitations of cruelty.
- Reverend David Cargill, journal entry (28 August 1839); cp. Psalm 74:20
- This morning we witnessed a shocking spectacle. 20 dead bodies of men, women, & children were brought to Rewa as a present to Tui Dreketi from Tanoa. They were distributed among the people to be cooked and eaten.... The children amused themselves by ... mutilating the body of a little girl.... Human entrails were floating down the river in front of the mission premises, mutilated limbs, heads and trunks of the bodies of human beings have been floating about, & scenes of disgust and horror have been presented to our view in every direction.
- Reverend David Cargill, letter to the Wesleyan Missionary Society (31 October 1839)
- The Diaries and Correspondence of David Cargill, ed. A. J. Schütz (Canberra: ANU Press, 1977), pp. 148, 158. See also Patrick Brantlinger, Taming Cannibals: Race and the Victorians (2011), ch. 1.
- You foreigners have salt beef to eat when you sail about; we have no beef, and therefore make use of human flesh.
- Chief Seru Epenisa Cakobau (Thakombau) explaining why human flesh was eaten in Fiji (1849)
- Cited in Thomas Williams and James Calvert, Fiji and the Fijians (New York: D. Appleton, 1860), p. 441
- Go to the meat-market of a Saturday night and see the crowds of live bipeds staring up at the long rows of dead quadrupeds. Does not that sight take a tooth out of the cannibal's jaw? Cannibals? who is not a cannibal? I tell you it will be more tolerable for the Fejee that salted down a lean missionary in his cellar against a coming famine; it will be more tolerable for that provident Fejee, I say, in the day of judgment, than for thee, civilized and enlightened gourmand, who nailest geese to the ground and feastest on their bloated livers in thy paté-de-foie-gras.
- Herman Melville, Moby-Dick (1851), ch. 65
- I have no doubt that it is a part of the destiny of the human race, in its gradual improvement, to leave off eating animals, as surely as savage tribes have left off eating each other when they came in contact with the more civilized.
- Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1854)
- Tararo having thrown away his surf-board, entered into an animated conversation with Bill, pointing frequently during the course of it to me; whereby I concluded he must be telling him about the memorable battle, and the part we had taken in it. When he paused, I begged of Bill to ask him about the woman Avatea, for I had some hope that she might have come with Tararo on this visit. "And ask him", said I, "who she is, for I am persuaded she is of a different race from the Feejeeans." On the mention of her name the chief frowned darkly, and seemed to speak with much anger."You're right, Ralph", said Bill, when the chief had ceased to talk; "she's not a Feejee girl, but a Samoan. How she ever came to this place the chief does not very clearly explain, but he says she was taken in war, and that he got her three years ago, an' kept her as his daughter ever since. Lucky for her, poor girl, else she'd have been roasted and eaten like the rest.""But why does Tararo frown and look so angry?" said I."Because the girl's somewhat obstinate, like most o' the sex, an' won't marry the man he wants her to. It seems that a chief of some other island came on a visit to Tararo and took a fancy to her, but she wouldn't have him on no account, bein' already in love, and engaged to a young chief whom Tararo hates, and she kicked up a desperate shindy; so, as he was going on a war expedition in his canoe, he left her to think about it, sayin' he'd be back in six months or so, when he hoped she wouldn't be so obstropolous. This happened just a week ago; an' Tararo says that if she's not ready to go, when the chief returns, as his bride, she'll be sent to him as a long pig.""As a long pig!" I exclaimed in surprise; "why what does he mean by that?""He means somethin' very unpleasant", answered Bill with a frown. "You see these blackguards eat men an' women just as readily as they eat pigs; and, as baked pigs and baked men are very like each other in appearance, they call men long pigs. If Avatea goes to this fellow as a long pig, it's all up with her, poor thing."
- R. M. Ballantyne, The Coral Island: A Tale of the Pacific Ocean (1857), ch. 25
- Cannibalism is a luxury, not an ordinary practice; but Buckley mentions a tribe called the Pallidurgbarrans, who eat human flesh whenever they get a chance, and employ human kidney fat, not as a charmed unguent for the increase of their valour, but as a sort of Dundee marmalade, viz., "an excellent substitute for butter at breakfast." These gentlemen are the colour of "light copper, their bodies having tremendously large and protruding bellies." They ate so many natives at last that war was declared, and some inglorious Pelissier drove a few hundred of them into a cave, and setting fire to the surrounding bush, suffocated them with great success.
- Marcus Clarke, "William Buckley: The 'Wild White Man'", Old Tales of a Young Country (1871)
- For the historiographical debate, see Cannibalism in Oceania
- Many's the poor devil I've killed, at one time or another – and the time has been that I've been obliged to feed on some of 'em.
- Boone Helm (1828–1864), an American mountain man who became known as the "Kentucky Cannibal" for repeatedly eating the flesh of people he had killed
- Cited in Langford, Nathaniel Pitt (1912). Vigilante Days and Ways: The Pioneers of the Rockies. A. C. McClurg. p. 76.
- The Shanxi poet Wang Xilun ... describ[ed] in an essay how children whose starving parents had abandoned them in ditches were slaughtered and eaten by other famine victims as though they were sheep or pigs.
- About the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879
- Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn (2008). Tears from Iron: Cultural Responses to Famine in Nineteenth-Century China. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-520-25302-5.
- Killing people is as easy as killing pigs. Children cry out for help but no one answers them. They are killed with a knife since meat has become more valuable than human life.
- Another contemporary author describing the situation during the famine, cited in Edgerton-Tarpley (2008), p. 219.
- I sent my boy for six handkerchiefs, thinking it was all a joke ..., but presently a man appeared, leading a young girl of about ten years old at the hand, and I then witnessed the most horribly sickening sight I am ever likely to see in my life. He plunged a knife quickly into her breast twice, and she fell on her face, turning over on her side. Three men then ran forward, and began to cut up the body of the girl; finally her head was cut off, and not a particle remained, each man taking his piece away down to the river to wash it. The most extraordinary thing was that the girl never uttered a sound, nor struggled, until she fell. Until the last moment, I could not believe that they were in earnest ... that it was anything save a ruse to get money out of me ... When I went home I tried to make some small sketches of the scene while still fresh in my memory, not that it is ever likely to fade from it. No one here seemed to be in the least astonished at it.
- James Sligo Jameson describing how a slave girl (for whom he had paid six handkerchiefs) was slaughtered before his eyes in the eastern Congo Free State (1888)
- Jameson, James S. (1891). The Story of the Rear Column of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. New York: National Publishing. p. 291.
- A woman [is sold for the price of two goats]. A man [brings the price of three goats], or four if he is plenty large ... If there is as much to eat on a man as on three goats, he brings the price of three goats ... as the point of view of the final purchaser determines the price, and the consumers are cannibals, the price of a man is generally determined by the amount of meat on him.
- A settler in the Congolese Kasaï region explaining prices charged for slaves sold by the Zappo Zap to the missionary Samuel N. Lapsley, 1891
- Cited in Lapsley, Samuel Norvell (1893). Life and Letters of Samuel Norvell Lapsley, Missionary to the Congo Valley, West Africa. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson. p. 175.
- Il me montra enfermées dans une maison un groupe de jeunes filles qui avaient été prises dans une autre île et qu'on avait gardées et engraissées pour la prochaine fête cannibale. Il venait d'être décidé que cette fête aurait lieu le jour même à l'occasion de notre présence à Malaita. Les jeunes filles étaient averties sans doute que leur dernière heure était prochaine.... Elles semblaient accepter la situation avec beaucoup de résignation.
- He showed me, locked up in a house, a group of young girls who had been caught on another island and who were kept and fattened for the next cannibal feast. It had just been decided that this feast would take place the same day on the occasion of our presence in Malaita. The girls were no doubt aware that their last hour was soon to come.... They seemed to accept the situation with great resignation.
- French count Rodolphe Festetics de Tolna, whose visit to one of the Solomon Islands in the 1890s was celebrated with a cannibal feast, according to his own account
- Rodolphe Festetics de Tolna, Chez les cannibales: Huit ans de croisière dans l'Océan Pacifique à bord du yacht "le Tolna" (Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1903), pp. 306–308.
- Reported and partially translated in Christian Siefkes, Edible People: The Historical Consumption of Slaves and Foreigners and the Cannibalistic Trade in Human Flesh (New York: Berghahn, 2022), p. 243
20th century
[edit]- Mr. Harris has already intimated to you in a letter of his that while he was down at Jikau, ... a horrible case of murder and cannibalism on the part of rubber sentries occurred in this district. It was of a shocking nature, and has greatly distressed us. On Sunday morning, May 15, just after eight o'clock, I had gone across to Mr. Harris's house, ... when two boys rushed breathlessly in, and said that some sentries had killed a number of people, and that two men had gone by to tell the rubber white men, and that they also had some hands to show him, in case he did not believe them ... Shortly afterwards the two men came along the path, and we heard the boys calling to them to come and show us; but they seemed afraid, and so we went out quickly and overtook them, and asked them where the hands were. Thereupon one of them opened a parcel of leaves, and showed us the hand and foot of a small child, who could not have been more than five years old. They were fresh and clean cut. It was an awful sight, and even now, as I write, I can feel the shudder and feeling of horror that came over me as we looked at them, and saw the agonised look of the poor fellow, who seemed dazed with grief, and said they were the hand and foot of his little girl. I can never forget the sight of that horror-stricken father. We asked them to come into the house and tell us about the affair, which they did, and the following is the story they told us—"The father of the little girl said his name was Nsala, and he was a native of Wala, which is a section of the Nsongo District ... On the previous day, although it was three days before they were due to take in the rubber, fifteen sentries came from Lifinda, all except two being armed with Albini rifles, and they were accompanied by followers. They began making prisoners and shooting, and killed Bongingangoa, his wife; Boali, his little daughter of about five years of age; and Esanga, a boy of about ten years. These they at once cut up, and afterwards cooked in pots, putting in salt which they had brought with them, and then ate them."
- Letter from E. Stannard to Dr. Guinness (21 May 1904)
- Reported in E. D. Morel, King Leopold's Rule in Africa (1904), p. 444
- See also: Atrocities in the Congo Free State, Congo Free State § Cannibalism, and Force Publique
- It was considered a great triumph among the Marquesans to eat the body of a dead man. They treated their captives with great cruelty. They broke their legs to prevent them from attempting to escape before being eaten, but kept them alive so that they could brood over their impending fate. Their arms were broken so that they could not retaliate in any way against their maltreatment. The Marquesans threw them on the ground and leaped on their chests so that their ribs were broken and pierced their lungs, so that they could not even voice their protests against the cruelty to which they were submitted. Rough poles were thrust up through the natural orifices of their bodies and slowly turned in their intestines. Finally, when the hour had come for them to be prepared for the feast, they were spitted on long poles that entered between their legs and emerged from their mouths, and dragged thus at the stern of the war canoes to the place where the feast was to be held. With this tribe, as with many others, the bodies of women were in great demand.
- Anthropologist A. P. Rice in The American Antiquarian xxxii (1910)
- Cited in William D. Rubinstein, Genocide: A History (New York: Routledge, 2014), p. 18
- Cannibal, n. A gastronome of the old school who preserves the simple tastes and adheres to the natural diet of the pre-pork period.
- Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary (1911)
- In ancient times, as I recollect, people often ate human beings, but I am rather hazy about it. I tried to look this up, but my history has no chronology, and scrawled all over each page are the words: "Virtue and Morality". Since I could not sleep anyway, I read intently half the night, until I began to see words between the lines, the whole book being filled with the two words – "Eat people".
- Lu Xun, "A Madman's Diary" (1918), third entry
- English translation published in Selected Stories of Lu Hsun (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1960, 1972)
- Hunger turned some people into cannibals. This was a much more common phenomenon than historians have previously assumed. In the Bashkir region and on the steppelands around Pugachev and Buzuluk, where the famine crisis was at its worst, thousands of cases were reported. It is also clear that most of the cannibalism went unreported. One man, convicted of eating several children, confessed for example: "In our village everyone eats human flesh but they hide it. There are several cafeterias in the village – and all of them serve up young children." ... People ate their own relatives – often their young children, who were usually the first to die and whose flesh was particularly sweet ... Hunting and killing people for their flesh was also a common phenomenon. In the town of Pugachev it was dangerous for children to go out after dark since there were known to be bands of cannibals and traders who killed them to eat or sell their tender flesh.
- Historian Orlando Figes about the Russian famine of 1921–1922
- A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. London: Pimlico. 1997. pp. 777–778.
- It was like good, fully developed veal, not young, but not yet beef. It was very definitely like that, and it was not like any other meat I had ever tasted. It was so nearly like good, fully developed veal that I think no person with a palate of ordinary, normal sensitiveness could distinguish it from veal. It was mild, good meat with no other sharply defined or highly characteristic taste such as for instance, goat, high game, and pork have. The [rump] steak was slightly tougher than prime veal, a little stringy, but not too tough or stringy to be agreeably edible. The [loin] roast, from which I cut and ate a central slice, was tender, and in color, texture, smell as well as taste, strengthened my certainty that of all the meats we habitually know, veal is the one meat to which this meat is accurately comparable.
- The New York Times reporter William Seabrook after eating human flesh out of curiosity
- Seabrook, William (1931). Jungle Ways. London: George G. Harrap. pp. 172–173.
- In 1894 a friend of mine shipped as a deck hand on the Steamer Tacoma, Capt. John Davis. They sailed from San Francisco for Hong Kong China. On arriving there he and two others went ashore and got drunk. When they returned the boat was gone. At that time there was famine in China. Meat of any kind was from $1 to $3 a pound. So great was the suffering among the very poor that all children under 12 were sold for food in order to keep others from starving. A boy or girl under 14 was not safe in the street. You could go in any shop and ask for steak – chops – or stew meat. Part of the naked body of a boy or girl would be brought out and just what you wanted cut from it. A boy or girls behind which is the sweetest part of the body and sold as veal cutlet brought the highest price. John staid [sic] there so long he acquired a taste for human flesh.
- American serial killer Albert Fish about a friend who allegedly introduced him to cannibalism (1934)
- Crime Library, "Albert Fish, Chapter 9: A Letter From Hell"
- First I stripped her naked. How she did kick – bite and scratch. I choked her to death, then cut her in small pieces so I could take my meat to my rooms. Cook and eat it. How sweet and tender her little ass was roasted in the oven. It took me nine days to eat her entire body. I did not fuck her though I could of [sic] had I wished. She died a virgin.
- Albert Fish describing how he killed and ate ten-year-old Grace Budd
- Crime Library, "Albert Fish, Chapter 9: A Letter From Hell"
- I came home with my meat. I had the front of his body I liked best. His monkey and pee wees and a nice little fat behind to roast in the oven and eat. I made a stew out of his ears, nose – pieces of his face and belly. I put onions, carrots, turnips, celery, salt and pepper. It was good. Then I split the cheeks of his behind open, cut off his monkey and pee wees and washed them first. I put strips of bacon on each cheek of his behind and put them in the oven. Then I picked four onions and when the meat had roasted about 1/4 hour, I poured about a pint of water over it for gravy and put in the onions. At frequent intervals I basted his behind with a wooden spoon. So the meat would be nice and juicy. In about two hours, it was nice and brown, cooked through. I never ate any roast turkey that tasted half as good as his sweet fat little behind did. I ate every bit of the meat in about four days. His little monkey was a sweet as a nut, but his pee-wees I could not chew. Threw them in the toilet.
- Albert Fish describing how he ate four-year-old Billy Gaffney
- Crime Library, "Albert Fish, Chapter 18: Cannibalistic Cravings"
- One morning very early, the news came that Nyan-ngauera had left the camp, taking a fire-stick and accompanied by her little girl. No one would follow her or help to track her. For twelve miles I followed the track unsuccessfully, but Nyan-ngauera doubled many times and gave birth to a child a mile west of my camp, where she killed and ate the baby, sharing the food with the little daughter. Later, with the help of her sons and grandsons, the spot was found, nothing to be seen there save the ashes of a fire. "The bones are under the fire", the boys told me, and digging with the digging-stick we came upon the broken skull, and one or two charred bones, which I later sent to the Adelaide Museum.
- Bates, Daisy (1938). The Passing of the Aborigines. London: John Murray. ch. 17.
- "But if you eat this chap who's God", said Llewelyn stoutly, "how can it be horrible? If it's all right to eat God why is it horrible to eat Jim Whittle?""Because", said Dymphna reasonably, "if you eat God there's always plenty left. You can't eat God up because God just goes on and on and on and God can't ever be finished. You silly clot", she added and then went on cutting holly leaves.
- Anthony Burgess, The Wanting Seed (1962), ch. 3
- "... Now, in my opinion, you can't find a nicer piece of meat, marbled but firm, than a buck [boy] tempered [castrated] not older than six, then hung at twice that age." "No one asked your opinion", Memtok answered. "Their Charity's opinion is the only one that counts. They think that sluts [young women] are more tender."
- Hugh tried to keep his eyes [off] the contents of the meat storage room. Most of the meat was beef and fowl. But one long row of hooks down the center held what he knew he would find – human carcasses, gutted and cleaned and frozen, hanging head down, save that the heads were missing. Young sluts and bucks, he could see, but whether the bucks were tempered or not was no longer evident.... Memtok paused on the way out and patted the loin of a stripling buck carcass. "That's what I would call a nice piece of meat. Eh, Hugh?"
- Robert A. Heinlein, Farnham's Freehold (New York: Putnam, 1964), ch. 18
- "I despised him long before I found out about his having young girls butchered and served for his dinner.... Ponse always ate girls. About one a day for his family table, I gathered. Girls about the age and plumpness of [14-year-old] Kitten." "But— But— Hugh, I ate the same thing he did, lots of times. I must have— I must have—" "Sure you did. So did I. But not after I knew. Nor did you." "Honey... you better stop the car. I'm going to be sick."
- Robert A. Heinlein, Farnham's Freehold, ch. 22
- Qiaoxian town officials treated me to lunch. On that day, the main course was sautéed pig's liver. I tried very hard not to vomit as I swallowed two pieces. I then quickly turned away from the table.... During the previous few days, I had encountered nothing but stories about the cutting out of human livers, boiling human livers, consuming human livers, and barbecuing human livers. My tolerance had reached its limit.
- Chinese author Zheng Yi describing his research on cannibalism during the Guangxi Massacre (1967–1968)
- Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China, edited and translated by T. P. Sym (Boulder, Colorado: Perseus Books Group, 1996), p. 32
- I told her, "Mother, we had to eat our dead friends", ... and she said, "That's okay, that's okay, sweetie".
- Roberto Canessa, one of the survivors of the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 which crashed in the Andes in 1972
- Cited in Lindsey Bever, "Cannibalism: Survivor of the 1972 Andes plane crash describes the 'terrible' decision he had to make to stay alive", The Independent (25 February 2016)
- The ocean's dying. Plankton's dying. It's people. Soylent Green is made out of people. They're making our food out of people. Next thing, they'll be breeding us like cattle for food. You've gotta tell them. You've gotta tell them!
- Soylent Green is people!
- Detective Robert Thorn in Soylent Green (1973)
- When the Yumu, Pindupi, Ngali, or Nambutji were hungry, they ate small children with neither ceremonial nor animistic motives. Among the southern tribes, the Matuntara, Mularatara, or Pitjentara, every second child was eaten in the belief that the strength of the first child would be doubled by such a procedure.
- Géza Róheim, Children of the Desert: The Western Tribes of Central Australia, vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 71
- My passion is so great. I want to eat her. If I do she will be mine forever. There is no escape from this desire.
- Issei Sagawa, In the Fog (1983)
- Due to a lack of cooperation between the French and Japanese authorities, Sagawa escaped punishment for murdering and eating a young Dutch woman in Paris in 1981
- Cited in Pia D. Harritz, "Consuming the Female Body: Pinku Eiga and the Case of Sagawa Issei" (Mediavidenskab, 2005, archived)
- The harvest had yielded no grain. Gradually, even tree bark and plant stalks had grown scarce. Soon, markets selling human flesh had begun to appear ... The two men were tearing off the little girl's clothes ... The girl looked like she was somewhere around ten years of age ... It soon became evident that most of the customers were interested in the little girl, because many complained that the older woman's flesh was no longer quite so fresh as the girl's ... [Stabbed in the chest with a knife, t]he little girl gasped. Her screams gave way to a lingering sigh ... He ... rapidly sliced apart her body with the help of the cashier before handing the pieces one by one to the people waiting outside the shed ... The little girl had already been completely dismembered, and the proprietor was leading the woman from the corner of the shack over to the stump. Not daring to watch any more, Willow turned and made his way down an alley. But he was pursued by the dull sound of the proprietor's ax cutting into the woman's flesh, by the woman's lacerating shriek. He shook uncontrollably, and it was only when he had rushed out of the alley and into another part of town that the sounds began to recede behind him. But, try as he might, he was unable to expel the scene he had just witnessed from his mind.
- Yu Hua, "Classical Love" (1988), a short story set in Imperial China
- The Past and the Punishments; translated by Andrew F. Jones (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1996), pp. 35–38
- A census taker tried to quantify me once. I ate his liver with some fava beans and a big Amarone.
- Thomas Harris, The Silence of the Lambs (1988)
- A census taker once tried to test me. I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti. [Slurps]
- The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
- When people do not respect our [traditions], they become enemies, and we don't consider our enemies to be human any more. They become animals in our eyes. And the Dayaks eat animals.
- A Dayak teacher explaining why members of the Madurese minority were killed and eaten during a massacre in Borneo in 1999
- Cited in Richard Lloyd Parry, "Apocalypse now: With the cannibals of Borneo", The Independent (25 March 1999)
21st century
[edit]- But if you're gonna dine with them cannibals
Sooner or later, darling, you're gonna get eaten.- Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, "Cannibal's Hymn"
- Abattoir Blues / The Lyre of Orpheus (2004)
- The boy lay with his head in the man's lap. After a while he said: They're going to kill those people, arent they? Yes. Why do they have to do that? I dont know. Are they going to eat them? I dont know. They're going to eat them, arent they? Yes. And we couldnt help them because then they'd eat us too. Yes. And that's why we couldnt help them. Yes. Okay.
- They'd taken everything with them except whatever black thing was skewered over the coals. He was standing there checking the perimeter when the boy turned and buried his face against him. He looked quickly to see what had happened. What is it? he said. What is it? The boy shook his head. Oh Papa, he said. He turned and looked again. What the boy had seen was a charred human infant headless and gutted and blackening on the spit. He bent and picked the boy up and started for the road with him, holding him close. I'm sorry, he whispered. I'm sorry.
- McCarthy, Cormac (2006). The Road. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- He lies down in the hammock and tries to sleep. A commercial plays again and again in his mind. A woman who's beautiful but dressed conservatively is putting dinner on the table for her three children and husband. She looks at the camera and says: "I serve my family special food, it's the same meat as always, but tastier." The whole family smiles and eats their dinner. The government, his government, decided to resignify the product. They gave human meat the name "special meat". Instead of just "meat", now there's "special tenderloin", "special cutlets", "special kidneys". He doesn't call it special meat. He uses technical words to refer to what is a human but will never be a person, to what is always a product. To the number of heads to be processed, to the lot waiting in the unloading yard, to the slaughter line that must run in a constant and orderly manner, to the excrement that needs to be sold for manure, to the offal sector. No one can call them humans because that would mean giving them an identity. They call them product, or meat, or food.
- Agustina Bazterrica, Tender Is the Flesh (Cadáver Exquisito, 2017), part 1, ch. 1
- Translated by Sarah Moses (London: Pushkin Press, 2020)
- The smell of barbecue is in the air. They go to the rest area, where the farmhands are roasting a rack of meat on a cross. El Gringo explains to Egmont that they've been preparing it since eight in the morning, "So it melts in your mouth", and that the guys are actually about to eat a kid. "It's the most tender kind of meat, there's only just a little, because a kid doesn't weigh as much as a calf. We're celebrating because one of them became a father", he explains. "Want a sandwich?"
- Tender Is the Flesh, part 1, ch. 3
- Over the years, the shop transformed, gradually but persistently. First it was the packaged hands that Spanel placed off to the side where they were hidden among the milanesas à la provençale, the cuts of tri-tip and the kidneys. The label read "Special Meat", but on another part of the package, Spanel clarified that it was "Upper Extremity", strategically avoiding the word hand. Then she added packaged feet, which were displayed on a bed of lettuce with the label "Lower Extremity", and later on, a platter with tongues, penises, noses, testicles and a sign that said "Spanel's Delicacies". Before long, people began to ask for front or hind trotters, using the cuts of pork to refer to upper and lower extremities. The industry took this as permission and started to label products with these euphemisms that nullified all horror.
- Tender Is the Flesh, part 1, ch. 6
- The Ghoul: (while starting to dismember a man he has just killed) Well, Lucy MacLean, it ain't all canned peaches and marmalade left up here, sweetheart. Sometimes a fella's got to eat a fella. Lucy: You know, my vault has endured hardship, too. In the Great Plague of '77, everyone had to quarantine, they couldn't work the farms together. People starved. My mother included. My dad dropped to 128 pounds, and he still refused to do anything like this. (The Ghoul laughs) What? What's so funny? The Ghoul: Well, there's what people say they did and what they really did. I'll bet your daddy was first in line at the cookout. I bet he had a bib with a drawing of his neighbor's ass on there. Lucy: How do you live like this?! Why keep going?! The Ghoul: Well, one good question deserves another. Why the fuck am I doing all the work? Now come on, vaultie. Ass jerky don't make itself.
- Fallout, season 1, episode 4, "The Ghouls" (2024)
External links
[edit]- Encyclopedic article on Cannibalism on Wikipedia
- Media related to Cannibalism on Wikimedia Commons
- Jeffrey R. Wilson, "Cannibals in the Renaissance", Harvard University