Friedrich Schiller
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Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, physician, historian, dramatist, and playwright.
Quotes
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And gladness hides her face in scorn,
Put thou the shadow from thy brow, —
No night but hath its morn.
But men, as man, thy brothers call;
And scatter, like the circling sun,
Thy charities on all.
No eternity will return.
Against stupidity the very gods
Themselves contend in vain.
- I feel an army in my fist.
- Die Räuber (The Robbers), Act II (1781)
- To save all we must risk all.
- Fiesco, in Fiesco; or, the Genoese Conspiracy (1783) Act IV, Sc vi
- The joke loses everything when the joker laughs himself.
- Die Verschwörung des Fiesco (The Conspiracy of Fiesco), Act I, sc. vii (1783)
- Did you think the lion was sleeping because he didn't roar?
- Die Verschwörung des Fiesco (The Conspiracy of Fiesco), Act I, sc. xviii (1783)
- The lemonade is weak, like your soul.
- Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love), Act V, sc. vii (1784)
- There are three lessons I would write, —
Three words — as with a burning pen,
In tracings of eternal light
Upon the hearts of men.Have Hope. Though clouds environ now,
And gladness hides her face in scorn,
Put thou the shadow from thy brow, —
No night but hath its morn.Have Faith. Where'er thy bark is driven, —
The calm's disport, the tempest's mirth, —
Know this: God rules the hosts of heaven,
The habitants of earth.Have Love. Not love alone for one,
But men, as man, thy brothers call;
And scatter, like the circling sun,
Thy charities on all.Thus grave these lessons on thy soul, —
Hope, Faith, and Love, — and thou shalt find
Strength when life's surges rudest roll,
Light when thou else wert blind.- Hope, Faith, and Love (c. 1786); also known as "The Words of Strength", as translated in The Common School Journal Vol. IX (1847) edited by Horace Mann, p. 386
- Die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht.
- Translation: World history is the world's court.
- Resignation (1786)
- What one refuses in a minute
No eternity will return.- Resignation (1786)
- What the inner voice says
Will not disappoint the hoping soul.- Hope, last stanza (1797)
- If thou canst not give pleasure to all by thy deeds and thy knowledge
Give it then, unto the few; many to please is but in vain.- Kannst du nicht allen gefallen durch deine That und dein Kunstwerk, // Mach es wenigen recht, vielen gefallen ist schlimm.
- Tabulae Votivae (Votive Tablets) (1796), "Choice"; tr. Edgar Alfred Bowring, The Poems of Schiller, Complete (1851)
- Wouldst thou know thyself, observe the actions of others.
Wouldst thou other men know, look thou within thine own heart.- Tabulae Votivae (Votive Tablets) (1796), "The Key"; tr. Edgar Alfred Bowring, The Poems of Schiller, Complete (1851)
- Variant translation:[citation needed]
If you want to know yourself,
Just look how others do it;
If you want to understand others,
Look into your own heart
- Man is created free, and is free,
Though he be born in chains.- Die Worte des Glaubens (The Word of the Faithful), st. 2 (1797)
- Virtue is no empty echo.
- Die Worte des Glaubens (The Word of the Faithful), st. 3 (1797)
- O tender yearning, sweet hoping!
The golden time of first love!
The eye sees the open heaven,
The heart is intoxicated with bliss;
O that the beautiful time of young love
Could remain green forever.- The Song of the Bell (1799)
- Appearance should never attain reality,
And if nature conquers, then must art retire.- To Goethe, when he put Voltaire's Mahomet on the stage (1800)
- Man kann den Menschen nicht verwehren, Zu denken, was sie wollen.
- One cannot prevent people from thinking what they please.
- Maria Stuart, Act I, sc. viii (1800)
- I am better than my reputation.
- Maria Stuart, Act II, sc. iv (1800)
- Was man nicht aufgibt, hat man nie verloren.
- What is not abandoned is never completely lost.
- Maria Stuart, Act II, sc. v (1800)
- Das Leben ist Nur ein Moment, der Tod ist auch nur einer!
- Life is but a moment. Death is but a moment, too.
- Maria Stuart, Act III, sc. vi (1800)
- Who dares impede my progress? Who presume
The spirit to control which guideth me?
Still must the arrow wing its destined flight!
Where danger is, there must Johanna be;
Nor now, nor here, am I foredoomed to fall;
Our monarch's royal brow I first must see
Invested with the round of sovereignty.
No hostile power can rob me of my life,
Till I've accomplished the commands of God.- Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans) (1801), Act II, Scene 4 (as translated by Anna Swanwick)
- Folly, thou conquerest, and I must yield!
Against stupidity the very gods
Themselves contend in vain. Exalted reason,
Resplendent daughter of the head divine,
Wise foundress of the system of the world,
Guide of the stars, who art thou then if thou,
Bound to the tail of folly's uncurbed steed,
Must, vainly shrieking with the drunken crowd,
Eyes open, plunge down headlong in the abyss.
Accursed, who striveth after noble ends,
And with deliberate wisdom forms his plans!
To the fool-king belongs the world.- Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans) (1801), Act III, sc. vi (as translated by Anna Swanwick)
- Variants of the most commonly quoted portion:
Against stupidity the gods themselves contend in vain.
Against stupidity the gods themselves labor in vain.
Against stupidity the gods themselves fight unvictorious
Against stupidity even the gods contend in vain.
Against stupidity gods themselves contend in vain.
With stupidity the gods themselves contend in vain.
With stupidity the gods themselves struggle in vain.
- Pain is short, and joy is eternal.
- The Maid of Orleans (1801), last line
- Life is only error,
And death is knowledge.- Cassandra (1802)
- What are hopes, what are plans?
- Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), Act III, sc. v (1803)
- Don't let your heart depend on things
That ornament life in a fleeting way!
He who possesses, let him learn to lose,
He who is fortunate, let him learn pain.- Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), Act IV, sc. iv (1803)
- On the mountains there is freedom!
The world is perfect everywhere,
Save where man comes with his torment.- Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), Act IV, sc. vii (1803)
- Only through Beauty's morning gate, dost thou enter the land of Knowledge.
- Die Künstler (The Artists)
- Der Menscheit Würde ist in Eure Hand gegeben, bewahret Sie!
Sie sinkt mit euch! Mit euch wird sie sich heben!- The dignity of mankind is in your hands; protect it!
It sinks with you! With you it will ascend.- Die Künstler (The Artists)
- Variant translation: The dignity of mankind is in your hands, preserve it!
- The dignity of mankind is in your hands; protect it!
- Threefold the stride of Time, from first to last!
Loitering slow, the Future creepeth —
Arrow-swift, the Present sweepeth —
And motionless forever stands the Past.- Sentences of Confucius
- The voice of the majority is no proof of justice.
- As quoted in A Dictionary of Thoughts : Being a Cyclopedia of Laconic Quotations from the Best Authors, Both Ancient and Modern (1891) edited by Tryon Edwards. p. 324
- Have faith! where'er thy bark is driven,—
'The calm's disport, the tempest's mirth,—
Know this! God rules the host of heaven,
The inhabitants of earth.- Reported in Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers (1895), edited bt Josiah Hotchkiss Gilbert, p. 284
Don Carlos (1787)
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- O who knows what slumbers in the background of the times?
- Act I, sc. i
- O the idea was childish, but divinely beautiful.
- Act I, sc. ii
- Grosse Seelen dulden still.
- Great souls endure in silence.
- Act I, sc. iv ; as translated by R. D. Boylan and Joseph Mellish (1902)
- Variant: "Great spirits suffer patiently"; as translated by A. Leslie and Jeanne R. Willson (1983)
- Great souls endure in silence.
- A moment lived in paradise
Is not atoned for too dearly by death.- Act I, sc. v
- I am called
The richest monarch in the Christian world;
The sun in my dominion never sets.- Act I, sc. vi
- Liebe ist nur dem bekannt, der hoffnungslos in der Liebe beharrt
- Love is only known by him who hopelessly persists in love.
- Act II, sc. viii
- Love is only known by him who hopelessly persists in love.
- KING PHILIPP II: Can you establish some new creed to justify my bloody murder of my only son?
GRAND INQUISITOR: To appease eternal justice and redeem us, God's own Son was killed on the wooden cross.
KING: And can you spread this creed throughout all Europe?
GRAND INQUISITOR: Far and wide, everywhere people worship the cross.- Act V, sc. x
An die Freude (Ode to Joy; or Hymn to Joy) (1785)
[edit]- (full text) This poem is most famous as providing the inspiration for Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, and the lyrics to the choral portion of that work.
- Joy, thou spark from Heav'n immortal,
Daughter of Elysium!
Drunk with fire, toward Heaven advancing
Goddess, to thy shrine we come.
Thy sweet magic brings together
What stern Custom spreads afar;
All men become brothers
Where thy happy wing-beats are.- Stanza 1
- Be embraced, ye millions!
This kiss is for the whole world!
Brothers, above the arch of stars
A loving Father surely dwells.- Stanza 5
- Welcome, all ye myriad creatures!
Brethren, take the kiss of love!- Chorus 1
- He, that noble prize possessing—
He that boasts a friend that's true,
He whom woman's love is blessing,
Let him join the chorus too!- Stanza 3
- Bow before Him, all creation!
Mortals, own the God of love!
Seek Him high the stars above,—
Yonder is His habitation!- Chorus 3
- Joy, in Nature's wide dominion,
Mightiest cause of all is found;
And 'tis joy that moves the pinion,
When the wheel of time goes round- Stanza 4
- Joy from truth's own glass of fire
Sweetly on the searcher smiles;
Lest on virtue's steeps he tire,
Joy the tedious path beguiles.
High on faith's bright hill before us,
See her banner proudly wave!
Joy, too, swells the angels' chorus,—
Bursts the bondage of the grave!- Stanza 5
- To the Gods we ne'er can render
Praise for every good they grant;
Let us, with devotion tender,
Minister to grief and want.
Quenched be hate and wrath forever,
Pardoned be our mortal foe—
May our tears upbraid him never,
No repentance bring him low!- Stanza 6
- Sense of wrongs forget to treasure—
Brethren, live in perfect love!
In the starry realms above,
God will mete as we may measure.- Chorus 6
- Courage, ne'er by sorrow broken!
Aid where tears of virtue flow;
Faith to keep each promise spoken!
Truth alike to friend and foe!- Stanza 8
- Lo, the dead shall rise to heaven!
Brethren hail the blest decree;
Every sin shall be forgiven,
Hell forever cease to be!- Stanza 9
On the Aesthetic Education of Man (1794)
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- We are citizens of an age, as well as of a State; and if it is held to be unseemly, or even inadmissable, for a man to cut himself off from the customs and manners of the circle in which he lives, why should it be less of a duty, in the choice of his activity, to submit his decision to the needs and the taste of his century?
- Letter 2
- The voice of our age seems by no means favorable to art, at all events to that kind of art to which my inquiry is directed. The course of events has given a direction to the genius of the time that threatens to remove it continually further from the ideal of art. For art has to leave reality, it has to raise itself bodily above necessity and neediness; for art is the daughter of freedom, and it requires its prescriptions and rules to be furnished by the necessity of spirits and not by that of matter. But in our day it is necessity, neediness, that prevails, and bends a degraded humanity under its iron yoke. Utility is the great idol of the time, to which all powers do homage and all subjects are subservient. In this great balance of utility, the spiritual service of art has no weight, and, deprived of all encouragement, it vanishes from the noisy Vanity Fair of our time. The very spirit of philosophical inquiry itself robs the imagination of one promise after another, and the frontiers of art are narrowed, in proportion as the limits of science are enlarged.
- Letter 2 Variant translation of a passage: Utility is the great idol of the age, to which all powers must do service and all talents swear allegiance.
- It is through beauty that we arrive at freedom.
- Letter 2
- When man is raised from his slumber in the senses, he feels that he is a man, he surveys his surroundings, and finds that he is in a state. He was introduced into this state, by the power of circumstances, before he could freely select his own position. But as a moral being he cannot possibly rest satisfied with a political condition forced upon him by necessity, and only calculated for that condition; and it would be unfortunate if this did satisfy him. In many cases man shakes off this blind law of necessity, by his free spontaneous action, of which among many others we have an instance, in his ennobling by beauty and suppressing by moral influence the powerful impulse implanted in him by nature in the passion of love.
- Letter 3
- Nothing, it is true, is more common than for both Science and Art to pay homage to the spirit of the age, and for creative taste to accept the law of critical taste.
- Letter 8
- Dare to be wise! Energy and spirit is needed to overcome the obstacles which indolence of nature as well as cowardice of heart oppose to our instruction. It is not without significance that the old myth makes the goddess of Wisdom emerge fully armed from the head of Jupiter; for her very first function is warlike. Even in her birth she has to maintain a hard struggle with the senses, which do not want to be dragged from their sweet repose. The greater part of humanity is too much harassed and fatigued by the struggle with want, to rally itself for a new and sterner struggle with error. Content if they themselves escape the hard labor of thought, men gladly resign to others the guardianship of their ideas, and if it happens that higher needs are stirred in them, they embrace with a eager faith the formulas which State and priesthood hold in readiness for such an occasion.
- Letter 8; Variant: The greater part of men are much too exhausted and enervated by their struggle with want to be able to engage in a new and severe contest with error. Satisfied if they themselves can escape from the hard labour of thought, they willingly abandon to others the guardianship of their thoughts.
- They have founded the whole structure of their happiness on these very illusions, which ought to be combated and dissipated by the light of knowledge, and they would think they were paying too dearly for a truth which begins by robbing them of all that has value in their sight. It would be necessary that they should be already sages to love wisdom: a truth that was felt at once by him to whom philosophy owes its name.
- Letter 8; Variant: They would need to be already wise, in order to love wisdom.
- As noble Art has survived noble nature, so too she marches ahead of it, fashioning and awakening by her inspiration. Before Truth sends her triumphant light into the depths of the heart, imagination catches its rays, and the peaks of humanity will be glowing when humid night still lingers in the valleys.
- Letter 9
- No doubt the artist is the child of his time; but woe to him if he is also its disciple, or even its favorite.
- Letter 9
- Lebe mit deinem Jahrhundert, aber sei nicht sein Geschöpf; leiste deinen Zeitgenossen, aber was sie bedürfen, nicht was sie loben.
- Live with your century; but do not be its creature. Work for your contemporaries; but create what they need, not what they praise.
- Letter 9
- Live with your century; but do not be its creature. Work for your contemporaries; but create what they need, not what they praise.
- Man only plays when in the full meaning of the word he is a man, and he is only completely a man when he plays.
- Letter 15
- While the womanly god demands our veneration, the godlike woman kindles our love; but while we allow ourselves to melt in the celestial loveliness, the celestial self-sufficiency holds us back in awe.
- On the famous statue "Juno Ludovisi", Letter 15
- The Greeks put us to shame not only by their simplicity, which is foreign to our age; they are at the same time our rivals, nay, frequently our models, in those very points of superiority from which we seek comfort when regretting the unnatural character of our manners. We see that remarkable people uniting at once fullness of form and fullness of substance, both philosophising and creating, both tender and energetic, uniting a youthful fancy to the virility of reason in a glorious humanity.
- Letter 35
Wallenstein (1798)
[edit]- Translated by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Prologue - Wallensteins Lager (Wallenstein's Camp)
[edit]- Posterity weaves no garlands for imitators.
- Prologue
- He who has done his best for his own time has lived for all times.
- Prologue
- Life is earnest, art is gay.
- Prologue
- Whatever is not forbidden is permitted.
- Prologue
Part I - Die Piccolomini (The Piccolomini)
[edit]- What is the short meaning of the long speech?
- Act I, sc. ii
- Der Krieg ernährt den Krieg.
- Translation: War nourishes war.
- Act I, sc. ii
- My son, there's nothing insignificant,
Nothing! But yet in every earthly thing
First and most principal is place and time.- Act I, sc. vi
- The intelligible forms of ancient poets,
The fair humanities of old religion,
The power, the beauty, and the majesty
That had their haunts in dale or piny mountain,
Or forest by slow stream, or pebbly spring,
Or chasms and watery depths, — all these have vanished;
They live no longer in the faith of reason.- Act II, sc. iv
- In thy breast are the stars of thy fate.
- Act II, sc. vi
- You say it as you understand it.
- Act II, sc. vi
- When the wine goes in, strange things come out.
- Act II, sc. v
- The dictates of the heart are the voice of fate.
- Act III, sc. viii
- The hat is the pride of man; for he who cannot keep his hat on before kings and emperors is no free man.
- Act IV, sc. v, Kellermeister (Master of the Cellar)
Part II - Wallensteins Tod (The Death of Wallenstein)
[edit]- The empire of Saturnus is gone by;
Lord of the secret birth of things is he;
Within the lap of earth, and in the depths
Of the imagination dominates;
And his are all things that eschew the light.
The time is o'er of brooding and contrivance,
For Jupiter, the lustrous, lordeth now,
And the dark work, complete of preparation,
He draws by force into the realm of light.
Now must we hasten on to action, ere
The scheme, and most auspicious positure
Parts o'er my head, and takes once more its flight,
For the heavens journey still, and adjourn not.- Act I, sc. i
- Man is made of ordinary things, and habit is his nurse.
- Act I, sc. iv
- I have only an office here, and no opinion.
- Act I, sc. v
- Virtue has her heroes too
As well as Fame and Fortune.- Act I, sc. vii
- Many a crown shines spotless now
That yet was deeply sullied in the winning.- Act II, sc. ii
- The world is narrow, broad the mind—
Thoughts dwell easily side by side
Things collide violently in space- Act II, sc. ii
- There's no such thing as chance;
And what to us seems merest accident
Springs from the deepest source of destiny.- Act II, sc. iii
- What is life without the radiance of love?
- Act IV, sc. xii
- Time is man's angel.
- Act V, sc. xi
Wilhelm Tell (1803)
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No danger, no distress shall sunder us.
We will be freemen as our fathers were,
And sooner welcome death than live as slaves.
We will rely on God's almighty arm,
And never quail before the power of man.
While yonder mountains stand upon their base.
By heaven! The apple's cleft right through the core.
Who's made the master of his destiny.
- Wir wollen sein ein einzig Volk von Brüdern,
in keiner Not uns trennen und Gefahr.
Wir wollen frei sein, wie die Väter waren,
eher den Tod, als in der Knechtschaft leben.
Wir wollen trauen auf den höchsten Gott
und uns nicht fürchten vor der Macht der Menschen.- One people will we be, — a band of brothers;
No danger, no distress shall sunder us.
We will be freemen as our fathers were,
And sooner welcome death than live as slaves.
We will rely on God's almighty arm,
And never quail before the power of man.- Act II, Sc. 2, as translated by C. T. Brooke
- Variant translation: We shall be a single People of brethren,
Never to part in danger nor distress.
We shall be free, just as our fathers were,
And rather die than live in slavery.
We shall trust in the one highest God
And never be afraid of human power.
- One people will we be, — a band of brothers;
- The mountain cannot frighten one who was born on it.
- Act III, sc. i
- Who reflects too much will accomplish little.
- Act III, sc. i
- You saw his weakness, and he will never forgive you.
- Act III, sc. i
- This feat of Tell, the archer, will be told
While yonder mountains stand upon their base.
By heaven! The apple's cleft right through the core.- Act III, sc. iii
- No cause has he to say his doom is harsh,
Who's made the master of his destiny.- Gessler, Act III, sc. iii, as translated by Sir Thomas Martin
- What's old collapses, times change,
And new life blossoms in the ruins.- Act IV, sc. ii
- A gloomy guest fits not a wedding feast.
- Act IV, sc. iii, as translated by Sir Thomas Martin
- The most pious man can't stay in peace
If it doesn't please his evil neighbor.- Act IV, sc. iii
The Philosophical Letters
[edit]
- The reason passes, like the heart, through certain epochs and transitions, but its development is not so often portrayed. Men seem to have been satisfied with unfolding the passions in their extremes, their aberration, and their results, without considering how closely they are bound up with the intellectual constitution of the individual.
- Prefatory Remarks
- The present age has witnessed an extraordinary increase of a thinking public, by the facilities afforded to the diffusion of reading; the former happy resignation to ignorance begins to make way for a state of half-enlightenment, and few persons are willing to remain in the condition in which their birth has placed then.
- Prefatory Remarks
- Rarely do we arrive at the summit of truth without running into extremes; we have frequently to exhaust the part of error, and even of folly, before we work our way up to the noble goal of tranquil wisdom.
- Prefatory Remarks
- Truth suffers no loss if a vehement youth fails in finding it, in the same way that virtue and religion suffer no detriment if a criminal denies them.
- Prefatory Remarks
- The universe is a thought of God. After this ideal thought-fabric passed out into reality, and the new-born world fulfilled the plan of its Creator—permit me to use this human simile—the first duty of all thinking beings has been to retrace the original design in this great reality; to find the principle in the mechanism, the unity in the compound, the law in the phenomenon, and to pass back from the structure to its primitive foundation. Accordingly to me there is only one appearance in nature—the thinking being. The great compound called the world is only remarkable to me because it is present to shadow forth symbolically the manifold expressions of that being. All in me and out of me is only the hieroglyph of a power which is like to me. The laws of nature are the cyphers which the thinking mind adds on to make itself understandable to intelligence—the alphabet by means of which all spirits communicate with the most perfect Spirit and with one another. Harmony, truth, order, beauty, excellence, give me joy, because they transport me into the active state of their author, of their possessor, because they betray the presence of a rational and feeling Being, and let me perceive my relationship with that Being.
- Letter 4: Theosophy of Julius, Variant portion: "The universe is one of God's thoughts".
- I speak with the Eternal through the instrument of nature, — through the world's history: I read the soul of the artist in his Apollo.
- Letter 4: Theosophy of Julius
- Each state of the human mind has some parable in the physical creation by which it is shadowed forth; nor is it only artists and poets, but even the most abstract thinkers that have drawn from this source. Lively activity we name fire; time is a stream that rolls on, sweeping all before it; eternity is a circle; a mystery is hid in midnight gloom, and truth dwells in the sun. Nay, I begin to believe that even the future destiny of the human race is prefigured in the dark oracular utterances of bodily creation.
- Letter 4: Theosophy of Julius
The Thirty Years War
[edit]- Even the strongest minds cannot, with impunity, defy the prejudices of the age.
- It is an unfailing maxim, that if policy enjoins an act of violence, its execution must never be entrusted to the violent.
- Fortune, which had never forsaken him in his lifetime, favored the King of Sweden even in his death, with the rare privilege of falling in the fullness of his glory and an untarnished fame. By a timely death, his protecting genius rescued him from the inevitable fate of man - that of forgetting moderation in the intoxication of success, and justice in the plenitude of power.
- History of the Thirty Years War 178
- All men without distinction, are allured by immediate advantages. Great minds alone are excited by distant good. So long as wisdom in it's projects, calculates upon wisdom, or relies upon its own strength, it forms none by chimerical schemes - and runs the risk of making itself the laughter of the world. But it is certain of success, and can reckon upon aid and admiration, when it finds a place in it's plans for barbarism, rapacity and superstition and can render the selifsh passions of mankind the executor of its' purposes.
- History of the Thirty Years War - Volume II
- In circumstances where the law of force prevails, where security depends on power alone, the weakest party is naturally the most busy to place itself in a posture of defense.
- History of the Thirty Years War - Volume II
- Law can only be applied to foreseeable cases.
- History of the Thirty Years War - Volume II
- Self Confidence has always been the parent of great actions.
- History of the Thirty Years War - Volume II
- His Armies, weakened by defeat and defeat, dispirited by misfortune, had unlearned - under beaten generals - that warlike impetuosity which as it is the consequence, so it is the guarentee of success.
- History of the Thirty Years War - Volume II
- Attitude of the Imperial/League army after the protestant victory at Brietenfeld.
Quotes about Schiller
[edit]- Schiller's blank verse is bad. He moves it as a fly in a glue bottle. His thoughts have their connection and variety, it is true, but there is no sufficiently corresponding movement in the verse. How different from Shakespeare's endless rhythms! … There is a nimiety — a too-muchness — in all Germans. It is the national fault. Lessing had the best notion of blank verse. The trochaic termination of German words renders blank verse in that language almost impracticable.
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in notes for 2 June 1834, in Specimens of the Table Talk of the Late Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1835), edited by H. N. Coleridge
- In the middle of the war there was Heine, there was Goethe, there was Schiller. I did posters for the German club, in the middle of the war. When I think back to how happy I was, studying German and flunking algebra, and I think what was going on for other Jewish teenagers on the other side of the world, I'm so puzzled by those dates.
