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Latest comment: 5 months ago by Ficaia in topic Surplus

Surplus

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Latest comment: 5 months ago1 comment1 person in discussion
Jöns Jacob Berzelius.
The refurbishment of the two Grade A listed copper domes that top the 1894 observatory building at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh was completed recently. The refurbishment consisted of repairs and replacement to copper ornaments, copper cladding, timber cladding and stonework.
The entire population of Liberty Island is small enough to fit into one copper-skinned palm of the colossal statue that serves as its only industry.
  • The refurbishment of the two Grade A listed copper domes that top the 1894 observatory building at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh was completed recently. The refurbishment consisted of repairs and replacement to copper ornaments, copper cladding, timber cladding and stonework.
  • Trace amounts of copper are essential for the human body. Since copper is not manufactured in the body it must be taken in through the diet. Copper is involved in the function of the nervous system. As with all toxic minerals, excess amounts of copper in the body can be toxic.
  • Chemical signs ought to be letters, for the greater facility of writing, and not to disfigure a printed book … I shall take therefore for the chemical sign, the initial letter of the Latin name of each elementary substance: but as several have the same initial letter, I shall distinguish them in the following manner:— 1. In the class which I shall call metalloids, I shall employ the initial letter only, even when this letter is common to the metalloid and to some metal. 2. In the class of metals, I shall distinguish those that have the same initials with another metal, or a metalloid, by writing the first two letters of the word. 3. If the first two letters be common to two metals, I shall, in that case, add to the initial letter the first consonant which they have not in common: for example, S = sulphur, Si = silicium, St = stibium (antimony), Sn = stannum (tin), C = carbonicum, Co = colbaltum (colbalt), Cu = cuprum (copper), O = oxygen, Os = osmium, &c
  • Chemical Secrets of Copper water: Immunity, Fertility.
    • Dr.Shirish Bhate in: "Why our ancestors used copper utensils?"
  • Consider the eighth category, which deals with stones. Wilkins divides them into the following classifications: ordinary (flint, gravel, slate); intermediate (marble, amber, coral); precious (pearl, opal); transparent (amethyst, sapphire); and insoluble (coal, clay, and arsenic). The ninth category is almost as alarming as the eighth. It reveals that metals can be imperfect (vermilion, quicksilver); artificial (bronze, brass); recremental (filings, rust); and natural (gold, tin, copper)...
  • Ayurveda recommends storing water in Copper Vessels. Ancient Egyptians used Copper Vessels to keep water fresh. Even today, management of Shiva temple at Rameswaram uses large sized Copper vessels to store water brought from river Ganges to offer to lord Shiva. Water, stored thus, stays fresh for years together. According to scientists, copper vessel can be the answer to kill the `E-Coli' bacteria which causes food poisoning. British scientists are carrying out research on copper and concluded that copper ions kill these harmful bacteria, a capability not found in any other metals including gold.
  • The use of copper and bronze in the architecture of public and prestige buildings has a long history. Doors and even whole buildings were sometimes clad in beaten copper or bronze. The set of massive copper bands on the gates of the Assyrian city of Balawar (8th century BC) is the only surviving example of what was then quite a standard form of embellishment and visible display of wealth and power.
  • History is a strange experience. The world is quite small now; but history is large and deep. Sometimes you can go much farther by sitting in your own home and reading a book of history, than by getting onto a ship or an airplane and traveling a thousand miles. When you go to Mexico City through space, you find it a sort of cross between modern Madrid and modern Chicago, with additions of its own; but if you go to Mexico City through history, back only 500 years, you will find it as distant as though it were on another planet: inhabited by cultivated barbarians, sensitive and cruel, highly organized and still in the Copper Age, a collection of startling, of unbelievable contrasts.
  • Some minds improve by travel, others, rather, resemble copper wire, or brass, which get the narrower by going farther.
  • Lady Liberty is made of 3/32-inch thick copper – about the thickness of two pennies. The green color or patina is the natural aging of the copper and in some places is nearly as thick as the copper itself. The statue stands 305 feet tall, or about the height of a 22-story building. She was the tallest structure in New York City when she was unveiled.
    • Georgia Dullea in: "Little Bits of History The Two Sisters"
  • Instead of the copper I will bring gold and instead of the iron I will bring silver, and instead of the wood copper and instead of the stones iron. And I will make Peace your guard and your rulers Righteousness.
...I went to Westinghouse, I got 400 pounds of translator steel, 22 miles of copper wire, and I assembled a 6-kilowatt, 2.3 million electron accelerator in the garage. - Michio Kaku.
Thus the ancient Wainamoinen,
In his copper-banded vessel,
Left his tribe in Kalevala,
Sailing o'er the rolling billows,
Sailing through the Azure vapours.
  • Thus the ancient Wainamoinen,
    In his copper-banded vessel,
    Left his tribe in Kalevala,
    Sailing o'er the rolling billows,
    Sailing through the Azure vapours.
Shakudō (red copper) is Japanese copper which consists about 95% copper, 1 percent silver and 1-5 percent gold. Before a suitable treatment of its surface, it has a dark copper colour, but when completely pickled it acquires a rich black surface with a violet sheen...Needham Joseph.
Mizhavu is a big copper drum played as an accompanying percussion instrument in the Koodiyattam. It is played by the Ambalavasi Nambiar community.
Essentially Copper is a naturally occurring element with an average concentration of about 50 ppm in the earth's crust. It is present as an essential element in all higher plants and animals and is one of the few chemical that occurs terminologically in the elemental form as metallic copper
  • Essentially Copper is a naturally occurring element with an average concentration of about 50 ppm in the earth's crust. It is present as an essential element in all higher plants and animals and is one of the few chemical that occurs terminologically in the elemental form as metallic copper.
  • Periodic table
    There's antimony, arsenic, aluminium, selenium,
    And hydrogen and oxygen and,
    nitrogen and rhenium,
    And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium,
    And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium,
    Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium,
    And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium,
    And gold and protactinium and indium and gallium,
    And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium.
    There's yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium,
    And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium,
    And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium,
    And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium and barium.
    There's holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium,
    And phosphorus and francium and fluorine and terbium,
    And manganese and mercury, molybdenum, magnesium,
    Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium,
    And lead, praseodymium and platinum, plutonium,
    Palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium,
    And tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium,
    And cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium.
    There's sulfur, californium and fermium, berkelium,
    And also mendelevium, einsteinium, nobelium,
    And argon, krypton, neon, radon, xenon, zinc and rhodium,
    And chlorine, cobalt, carbon, copper, tungsten, tin and sodium.
    These are the only ones of which the news has come to Harvard,
    And there may be many others, but theyhaven't been discovered.

- R

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  • Copper wands were created for a variety of purposes. Please be advised that is just a list accumulated from many sources of information and does not mean that this is true. Some of these ideas come from long standing belief systems and old wives tales.
In the last four days I have got the spectrum given by Tantalum, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, and Copper and part of the Silver spectrum.... - Henry Moseley.
  • British archaeologists have long been aware that there was a copper using phase before the advent of the Bronze Age, they have not – until recently – seen fit to define a Copper Age or chalcolithic (after the Greek words for copper and stone for British prehistory.
Model of a Copper Age walled city, Los Millares, Iberia.
While reading in a textbook of chemistry,... I came across the statement, nitric acid acts upon copper. I was getting tired of reading such absurd stuff and I determined to see what this meant. Copper was more or less familiar to me, for copper cents were then in use...Ira Remsen.
  • While reading in a textbook of chemistry, … I came across the statement, 'nitric acid acts upon copper. I was getting tired of reading such absurd stuff and I determined to see what this meant. Copper was more or less familiar to me, for copper cents were then in use. I had seen a bottle marked 'nitric acid' on a table in the doctor's office where I was then 'doing time.' I did not know its peculiarities, but I was getting on and likely to learn. The spirit of adventure was upon me. Having nitric acid and copper, I had only to learn what the words 'act upon' meant... I put one of them [cent] on the w:Table:table, opened the bottle marked 'nitric acid'; poured some of the liquid on the copper; and prepared to make an observation. But what was this wonderful thing which I beheld? The cent was already changed, and it was no small change either. A greenish blue liquid foamed and fumed over the cent and over the table. The air in the neighborhood of the performance became colored dark red. A great colored cloud arose. This was disagreeable and suffocating—how should I stop this? I tried to get rid of the objectionable mess by picking it up and throwing it out of the window, which I had meanwhile opened. I learned another fact—nitric acid not only acts upon copper but it acts upon fingers. The pain led to another unpremeditated experiment. I drew my fingers across my trousers and another fact was discovered. Nitric acid acts upon trousers. Taking everything into consideration, that was the most impressive experiment, and, relatively, probably the most costly experiment I have ever performed.
This time, instead of heading for the white room, she hung up his overcoat and led him to the kitchen, which was done in what Banks thought of as a sort of rustic French style: lots of wood paneling, and cup-boards copper-bottomed pots and pans hanging on hooks on the wall, flower-patterned mugs on wooden pegs, a few potted plants, a vase of chrysanthemums on the table and a red-and-white checked table cloth. - Peter Robinson.
  • This time, instead of heading for the white room, she hung up his overcoat and led him to the kitchen, which was done in what Banks thought of as a sort of rustic French style: lots of wood paneling, and cup-boards copper-bottomed pots and pans hanging on hooks on the wall, flower-patterned mugs on wooden pegs, a few potted plants, a vase of chrysanthemums on the table and a red-and-white checked table cloth.

S - Z

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  • Everything around you is made up of tiny particles called atoms. Some things are made up of just one kind of atom. The copper of a penny, for example, is made up of copper atoms. But sometimes atoms of different kinds join to make molecules. Copper atoms can combine with oxygen atoms from the air to make a molecule called copper oxide. The pennies looked dull and dirty because they were covered with copper oxide.
  • Oh, look around you, all around you,
    riding on a copper wave.
    Do you like the world around you?
    Are you ready to behave?
  • It is necessary to deprive matter of its qualities in order to draw out its soul. ...Copper is like a man; it has a soul and a body; ...the soul is the most subtile part, ...that is to say, the tinctorial spirit. The body is the ponderable, material, terrestrial thing, endowed with a shadow. ...After a series of suitable treatments copper becomes without shadow and better than gold. ...The elements ...grow and are transmuted, because it is their qualities, not their substances, which are contrary.
    • Stephanus of Alexandria (c. 620 AD) in describing that "if copper is to receive the power of colouring other substances, such as glass and enamels, it must first be itself destroyed by dissolution"; as quoted and extrpolated upon by M. M. Pattison Muir, A History of Chemical Theories and Laws (1907) p. 5, citing Marcellin Berthelot, Les Origines de l'Alkimie pp. 276-277, from a Greek MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
  • I sit here in the upper circle surrounded by copper and gold, and smile with joy under my fly net as all the light, glory and quivering brightness passes slowly and freely before my eyes. Nothing happier than this. I shout and laugh at my immense wealth, all free and without responsibility. Who could steal this from me? No one.
The copper platina-clad statue, dedicated on 28 October 1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship from France to America. Fredric Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the statue and obtained a U.S. patent useful for raising construction funds through the sale of miniatures. - Cara Sutherland.
  • The copper platina-clad statue, dedicated on 28 October 1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship from France to America. Fredric Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the statue and obtained a U.S. patent useful for raising construction funds through the sale of miniatures.
  • Bell laboratories used emission spectrography to compare samples of copper from the Visnes Mines and from the Statue of Liberty, found the spectrum of impurities to very similar, and concluded that the evidence argued strongly for a Norwegian origin of the copper. Other sources say that the copper was mined in Nizhnyi Tagil. The copper sheets were created in the workshops of Gaget Gauthier company, and shaped in Ateliers Mesureur in the west of Paris in 1878.
    • Cara Sutherland in:"The Statue of Liberty", p. 36.
  • As copper can be difficult to cast but easy to shape by hammering, it has been used since very early times to make items of beaten sheet metal...Copper [also] takes fire gilding better than its alloys, and many examples of the deliberate use of copper, rather than the more usual bronze or brass, for objects to be fire gilded are known. Copper has a pleasing and distinctive colour and has always been widely used for inlays into other metals, notably silver or the more golden bronze or brass.
  • Where there is cinnabar above, yellow gold will be found below. Where there is lodestone above, copper and gold be found below. Where there is calamine above, lead, tin, and red copper will be found below. Where there is haematite above, iron will be found below. Thus it can be seen that mountains are full of riches.

Opportunity, Montana: Big Copper, Bad Water, and the Burial of an American Landscape

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Brad Tyer in: Opportunity, Montana: Big Copper, Bad Water, and the Burial of an American Landscape, Beacon Press, 26 March 2013

  • Copper had already been known for thousands of years by the time Otzi forged his axe. Archaeologists, found humankinds earliest use of element in the modern-day Turkey, Iran, and Iraq, the same spots that spawned civilization. A copper pendant found in northern Iraq dates to 8,700 years before Christ, plenty old enough to engender myth. The Greek island Cyprus took its name from Copper’s Latin cupras and the plentiful stores of green rocks that made it the go-to-source for the copper seeking civilizations of Greece, Rome, Phoenicia and Ionia in the three thousand years pre-dating Jesus. Venus was copper’s goddess, wearing an Egyptian ankh, emerging from the waves near her island protectorate to confirm her charms in a mirror made from the polished pink metal. The Greeks knew copper as an antiseptic and mixed glittery flakes with honey as a dressing for wounds.
    • In: p. 33.
  • Human blood does contain traces of copper, but our blood is primarily iron-based via the hemoglobin that delivers oxygen to the cells. Iron is red, Crabs have copper-based blood. It’s blue.
    • In: p. 34.
  • Native copper, the orange-pink variety scattered in plain sight, is rare, mainly picked over. The metal is more commonly found in ore form, bound in the rock.
    • In: p. 34
The Ojibwa invested the metal with magic and handled their heirloom stashes of copperfishhooks, pebbles, needles and knives with superstitious zeal.
  • Long before Champlain was given the hunk of copper, the Ojibwa deity Missibizi was said to reside on canoe-shaped island in Lake Superior called Michipicoten, fifteen miles long and made of solid copper, that Missibizi liked to paddle across the waves from his helm on the island’s hilly crest. Michipicoten’s surf-splashed flanks were reputedly littered with copper nuggets, the size of softballs, and , according to legend, when passing fishermen take a few for themselves Missibizi jealously struck them dead.
    • In: p. 36.
  • In 1911, at a luncheon feting guest of honor Edison at a New York City “Electrical Exposition,” copper producers gave the inventor a gift: a cubic feet of solid Cu, a 486-pound squared off Ontonagon boulder of appreciation inscribed with statistical gratitude.
    • In: p. 41
...liquors are brewed in shiny copper stills. Fly fishers ply Copper John trout flies, with copper-wire abdomens, in running waters everywhere. The shiny raw copper colour attracts trout – just one form in which the metal slays unsuspecting fish.
Chuquicamata in Chile is one of the world's largest open pit copper mines
  • A person cannot live in a modern manner without copper. Electricity flipped the switch. While the pre-modern world’s use of copper depended on hardened alloys with other metals, the industrialized world’s dependence relies on alloyed copper, purged of impurities, to conduct electricity. Today an average American home is laced with 439 pounds of copper wiring and plumbing, with another hundred pounds embedded in household appliances like water heaters, air conditioners, and refrigerators. The average American car is strung with more than 600,000 feet of the stuff. In the United States alone, 130 million cellphones are retired very year, containing 2,100 metric tons of copper – enough to build twenty-six new copper-sheathed Statues of Liberty. Craft beers and liquors are brewed in shiny copper stills. Fly fishers ply Copper John trout flies, with copper-wire abdomens, in running waters everywhere. The shiny raw copper colour attracts trout – just one form in which the metal slays unsuspecting fish.
    • In: p. 41-42.
  • ...a French sculptor’s copper draping reached the Statue of Liberty’s waist
    • In: p. 52.
  • While China, the world’s largest copper importer, drives global demand, the metal is increasingly sourced in South America. Chile now produces about 36 percent of world demand, and Peru pitches in 15 percent, making them the top two copper producers in the world.
    • In: p. 188.

Metals And Mining: In the Bible

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Much copper was used in manufacturing vessels for the Temple and especially for the Tabernacle: clasps, sockets, rings, posts of the enclosure, lavers, etc. The biblical description of copper weapons indicates a highly developed military culture, e.g., the description of Goliath:..Bible.
...Copper was fashioned into a symbol for the Israelites in the desert in the form of a serpent of copper made by Moses.-Bible.

Bible in: Metals And Mining: In the Bible, Encyclopaedia Judaica

  • The copper referred to in the Bible is not pure copper but an alloy of copper and tin. This alloy – bronze – was the most useful and important metal from the beginning of the third millennium BC to the 13th century BC when it began to be replaced by iron. Copper mines in the ancient Near East were located in Cyprus (from which the name copper is apparently derived), Sinai, and Egypt. It was the main metal extracted in Ereẓ Israel in antiquity and is the only one mined there today. Copper is usually extracted from sulfide minerals, and partly from silicates, and carbonates; very small amounts of native copper are also found.
  • Much copper was used in manufacturing vessels for the Temple and especially for the Tabernacle: clasps, sockets, rings, posts of the enclosure, lavers, etc. The biblical description of copper weapons indicates a highly developed military culture, e.g., the description of Goliath: "He had a helmet of bronze on his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail, and the weight of the coat was 5,000 shekels of bronze”. Copper was fashioned into a symbol for the Israelites in the desert in the form of a serpent of copper made by Moses.
  • In its use in vessels for the Tabernacle and Temple and for weapons, copper symbolized strength and rigidity – The skies above your head shall be copper. It also denoted drought – "I will make your skies like iron and your earth like copper". The word for chains (neḥushtayim) is also derived from copper. Not only the heaven and earth but also the Israelites are compared with rigid copper: "your forehead copper”.
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